Chapter 10: Land Use and Urbanization

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Chapter 10 Land Use and Urbanization

• Mr. Manskopf
• Notes also at
• http//www.manskopf.com

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Essential Questions Covered

• What are different land usages?
• What are some local land usages?
• Describe the impact of human activities on the
  land.
• What are some local and federal laws governing
  land usage?

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Section 1 Goals

• What is the difference between land cover and
  land use?
• Describe how people impact the land.
• Explain how urbanization occurs.
• Describe the environmental impacts of urbanization

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Most people used to live like this
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Increasingly people live like this.
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Major Urban Regions in U.S.
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• For the first time in history, there are now more
  urban residents than rural residents.

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Land Use and Land Cover
Land cover Vegetation and structures that cover
land. Land use Human activities that occur on
land Humans change land cover, especially in
urban areas. These changes have environmental and
economic effects
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What are some land uses and cover in Audubon?
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What does this pie chart tell us? What is largest
land use in U.S.?
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What do these bar graphs show us?
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Urban vs. Rural

• Urban Land mostly covered with buildings and
  roads (includes suburbs)

• Rural Any other type of land use or land cover
  (includes forests, cropland, etc.)

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Urbanization

• Occurs when people move from rural areas to
  cities
• Cities are not new, but the enormous size of
  todays cities is. More than 20 cities have at
  least 10 million residents.

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Why are people moving to cities and leaving rural
life behind? SHOULD WE CARE?
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Environmental Costs of Urbanization

• Pollution Increased waste, industrial
  byproducts, noise pollution, light pollution
• What is noise pollution? Light pollution?

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Noise Pollution
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Light Pollution
What the night should look like.
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Environmental Costs of Urbanization

• Heat islands Cities, several degrees warmer
  than surrounding areas, affect local weather
  and trap pollutants

WHY?
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What can cities do to reduce this impact?
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Environmental Costs of Urbanization

• Imported resources Fossilfuels are burned to
  import food, water, fuel, and raw materials.

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Environmental Benefits of Urbanization

• What do you think are some environmental benefits
  if cities?

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Environmental Benefits of Urbanization

• Efficiency Less fuel and resources needed to
  distribute goods and services to residents
• Universities and research centers Urban areas
  tend to foster education and innovation.
• Land Preservation Dense urban centers leave room
  for agriculture, wilderness, biodiversity, and
  privacy.

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Section 1 Review

• What is the difference between land cover and
  land use?
• Describe how people impact the land.
• Explain how urbanization occurs.
• Describe the environmental impacts of
  urbanization

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Section 1 Quiz

• 1) Which type of area would Miami, Florida, be
  considered?
• A. urban B. rural
  C. country D. suburban

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2) What is one of the primary factors that draws
people from rural areas to urban areas?A. less
pollution B. more jobs C. more open
space D. heat islands
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3) A jackhammer on a city street is an example of
what type of pollution?A. light
B. water C. noise D. air
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4) Trees, grass, crops, wetlands, water,
buildings, and pavement are all examples ofA.
land use. B. land cover.
C. urban areas. D. rural
areas.
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5) The primary type of land cover in the United
States today isA. forest land.
B. cropland. C. urban land.
D. parks and preserves.
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6) Land that is sparsely populated and has few
buildings or roads is defined as a(n)A.
infrastructure. B. heat island. C.
urban area. D. rural area.
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7) The shift of a population from the countryside
to cities is calledA. urbanization.
B. infrastructure. C. land
preservation. D. an ecological footprint.
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Describe this diagram. 8) What does it show?
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Section 2 Sprawl Goals

• Describe what contributes to sprawl and its
  patterns.
• Explain the impacts of sprawl.

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Los Angeles, CA, is one the most sprawling U.S.
cities.
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In 1950, 65 of the U.S. population lived in
urban (including suburban) areas, while 35 lived
rurally. In 2010, 89 was urban and only 11
rural.
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What is sprawl?

• The spread of low-density urban or suburban
  development outward from a dense urban core
• Often, growth of suburban areas outpaces
  population growth because suburbs allow more
  space per person than cities

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Primary Contributors to Sprawl

1. Population Growth
2. Increase per capita land use
3. Cheap gasoline
4. Decay of inner cities
5. Cheaper to build new than rebuild (less expensive
   land)

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Primary Contributors to Sprawl

• 6) Improved road system
• 7) Affordable cars
• 8) Government subsidies of mortgages,
  infrastructure projects

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Contributors to Sprawl
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Patterns of Sprawl

• Uncentered commercial strip development
• Low-density single-use residential development
• Scattered, or leapfrog, development
• Sparse street network

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Per Capita Land Consumption
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Why care about sprawl?
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Impacts of Sprawl

• Transportation Little to no public
  transportation
• Must use car to get anything
• Air pollution

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Impacts of Sprawl

• Public health May promote inactivity, and by
  extension obesity and high blood pressure

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Impacts of Sprawl

• Land Use Less land left as open space, forests,
  and farms
• Habitat destruction and fragmentation
• Farmland destroyed
• Road kill
• Soil erosion

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Impacts of Sprawl

• Economics Wealth tending to concentrate in
  suburbs, leaving urban areas poor
• Decline of town centers

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Impacts of Sprawl

• Water Pollution
• Wetland Destruction
• Increased runoff
• Increased flooding risk

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Section 2 Review

• Describe what contributes to sprawl and its
  patterns.
• Explain the impacts of sprawl.

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Section 2 Quiz

• 1) Sprawl increases carbon dioxide emissions by
• A. generating more factories. B.
  increasing the need to drive.
• C. resulting in more tree growth. D.
  expanding the use of public transportation.

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2) Per capita land consumption meansA. the
amount of land a country uses as a whole.
B. the amount of and each person uses.C.
the type of land covered by state capitals.
D. the type of land people live on.
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3) Which of the following factors contributed to
sprawl in the United States?A. more affordable
automobiles B. improved roads C.
less expensive land D. all of the
above
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4) Explain how sprawl affects human health.
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Section 3 Sustainable Cities
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Section 3 Goals

• Discuss land use planning
• Explain the importance of transportation choices
• Differentiate green building from traditional
  building

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Land Use Planning

• Land Use Planning determining in advance how
  land will be used
• Where do we put
• Houses, schools, businesses, roads, factories,
  etc.
• What land should be left open?

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Land Use Planning

• City planners attempt to design cities that both
  work well and look and feel appealing.
• Zoning Classification of land areas for
  different types of development and land use
• An area can be mixed use or single use.
• Involves restrictions on the use of private
  land

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Land Use Plan
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Audubon Zoning
http//www.boroughofaudubon.com/Zoning_.html
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Infrastructure

• Infrastructure all the things we build to
  support living
• Buildings
• Roads
• Sewers
• Water treatment plants
• Powerplants
• Environmental/ societal costs?

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Smart Growth

• Focuses on economic and environmental approaches
  to avoiding sprawl
• Builds up, not out
• Maintains open spaces by redeveloping existing
  urban areas, waterfronts, and industrial sites

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Smart Growth

• Seeks to design neighborhoods that minimize the
  need to drive
• Requires good public transportation systems

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Transportation
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Smart Growth Transportation

• Public transportation a key factor in the quality
  of urban life
• Buses, subways, trains more efficient, less
  polluting than cars
• Cities encourage mass transit with fuel taxes,
  vehicle taxes, rewarding carpoolers, and
  encouraging bicycle and bus use.

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Explain what this graph shows
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Busses

• Advantages

• Disadvantages

• More flexible than rail system
• Can be rerouted as needed
• Cost less to develop and maintain than heavy-rail
  system
• Can greatly reduce car use and pollution

• Can lose money because they need low fares to
  attract riders
• Often get caught in traffic unless operating in
  express lanes
• Commit riders to transportation schedules
• Noisy

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Trains

• Advantages

• Disadvantages

• More energy efficient than cars
• Produce less air pollution than cars
• Require less land than roads and parking areas
  for cars
• Cause fewer injuries and deaths than cars
• Reduce car congestion in cities

• Expensive to build and maintain
• Cost effective only along a densely populated
  narrow corridor
• Commit riders to Transportation schedules
• Can cause noise and vibration for nearby
  residents

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Bicycles
Advantages
Disadvantages
Affordable Produce no pollution Quiet
Require little parking space Easy to maneuver
in traffic Take few resources to make Very
energy efficient Provide exercise
Little protection in an accident Do not
protect riders from bad weather Not practical
for trips longer than 8 kilometers (5 miles)
Can be tiring (except for electric bicycles)
Lack of secure bike parking
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Did You Know? Paris, France removed 200,000
parking spaces to encourage the use of public
transportation within the city.
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Bike Parking Garage Netherlands
Bike lanes in NYC
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Green Building

• The goals of a green building are to save energy
  and resources without sacrificing peoples
  comfort.

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Section 3 Review

• Discuss land use planning
• Explain the importance of transportation choices
• Differentiate green building from traditional
  building

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Section 3 Quiz

• 1) Which of the following is a principle of smart
  growth?
• protecting wildlife habitats
• B. focusing development outside of existing urban
  centers
• C. creating neighborhoods best suited for cars
  
• D. building up, not out

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• 2) Which form of transportation uses the most
  energy per passenger-mile?
• commuter rail
• automobile
• bus
• D. heavy rail

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• 3) One of the results of green building design is
  reduced
• use of mass transit.
• B. energy bills.
• sprawl around major cities.
• D. personal space and comfort.

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• 4) Which statement about sustainable cities is
  true?
• A. They can help improve the standard of living
  for residents.
• B. No major cities have made significant progress
  toward sustainability yet.
• C. They are only successful in the developed
  world.
• D. They often help encourage sprawl.

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• 5) Transportation systems, communications
  systems, water services, power supplies, and
  schools are all examples of
• infrastructure.
• rural areas.
• ecological footprints.
• D. land use.

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Short Answer

• 6) Propose a way how a city government could
  encourage the use of bicycles.

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Short Answer

• 7) What are two ways governments can encourage
  the use of mass transit?

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8) Summarize the main idea of this graph in one
sentence.
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Chapter 10 Sustainable Cities

• What are different land usages?
• What are some local land usages?
• Describe the impact of human activities on the
  land.