Psyc 552 Ergonomics

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Psyc 552Ergonomics Biomechanics

• Lecture 3

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Anatomy Work Evaluation

• Primary tool of ergonomists is surface anatomy.
• The objective is to visualize the structures
  below the skin.

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Anatomical Position

• Standing erect
• Head, eyes, toes forward
• Heels and toes together
• Upper limbs handing by side
• Palms facing anteriorly.

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Anatomical Planes

• Median
• Sagittal
• Coronal
• Horizontal, transverse, axial

Image from http//www.spineuniverse.com/displayart
icle.php/article1023.html
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Directional Terms

• Superior
• Inferior
• Anterior
• Posterior

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Directional Terms (cont)

• Medial
• Lateral
• Proximal
• Distal

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Directional Terms

• Superficial
• Deep
• Parietal
• Visceral

• Ipsilateral
• Contralateral

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Describing Movement

• Flexion
• Extension
• Hyperextension
• Abduction

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Describing Movement (cont)

• Abduction
• Adduction
• Opposition
• Protraction

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Describing Movement (cont)

• Retraction
• Elevation
• Depression
• Circumduction

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Describing Movement (cont)

• Rotation
• Medial rotation
• Lateral rotation

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Describing Movement (cont)

• Eversion of the foot
• Inversion of the foot

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Connective tissue

• Bones, ligaments, tendons, fascia, and cartilage
  are all connective tissue.
• Connective tissue provides

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Bones

• Osteology (osteon bone logos study) can be
  considered bone or tissue.
• Divided into two groups

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Long bones

• Shaft / Diaphysis
• Head / Epiphyses

Image from http//www.gen.umn.edu/courses/1135/lab
/appendskellab/head.jpg
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Bone Physiology

• Cortical bone compact bone
• Cancellous bone trabecular bone

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Bone Architecture

• Bone structure varies according to its function
• Long bones are rigid

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• Tubercles and tuberosities and ridges and crests
  increase rigidity

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Bone Architecture (cont)

• Bone elasticity results from organic matter
• Rigidity results from lamella

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Image from http//www.med.uiuc.edu/histo/large/atl
as/image/b11/20a3.htm
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Bone Architecture (cont)

• Spongy bone

Image from http//cellbio.utmb.edu/microanatomy/bo
ne/spongy_bone_histology.htm
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Factors affecting bones
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The Spine

• 7 cervical
• 12 thoracic
• 5 lumbar

Image fromhttp//www.spineuniverse.com/displayarti
cle.php/article1286.html
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• Lordosis
• Concave anteriorly convex posteriorly
• Kyphosis
• Convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly

Image from http//www.spineuniverse.com/displayart
icle.php/article1277.html
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Joints

• Arthrology (arthros joints logos study)
• Types
• Fibrous joints
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

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Fibrous Joints
Image from http//www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grad
e10/manphys/joints.htm
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Cartilaginous Joints
Image from http//www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grad
e10/manphys/joints.htm
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Synovial Joints
Image from http//moon.ouhsc.edu/dthompso/namics/j
oints.HTMsynovial
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Synovial Joints (cont)
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Joint Lubrication

• Boundary lubrication
• Squeeze film lubrication

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Joint Movements

• Limited by
• Tension of ligaments muscles
• Tension of antagonist muscle
• Greatest means of increasing joint flexibility is
  to increase muscle length.

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Types of cartilage

• Hyaline
• Fibrocartilage
• Elastic cartilage

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Factors Affecting Cartilage