Title: OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
1OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
2Overview of APObjectives
- Upon completion the student will be able to
- Define the terms anatomy and physiology
- Identify the major levels of organization in
humans and other living organisms - Explain the importance of homeostasis
- Describe how positive and negative feedback are
involved in homeostatic regulation. - Use anatomical terms to describe body regions,
body sections, and relative positions.
3Overview of APObjectives
- Identify the major body cavities and their
subdivisions. - Distinguish between visceral and parietal
portions of serous membranes
4Anatomy and Physiology
- All living organisms perform the same basic
- functions
- Responsiveness
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Movement
- Metabolism
5ANATOMYDefined
- Study of internal and external structure and the
physical relationships between body parts.
6PHYSIOLOGYDefined
- Study of how living organisms perform their vital
functions.
7MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
- Two areas of microscopic anatomy
- Cytology (cells)
- Histology (tissues)
8MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY
- Also known as gross anatomy. Three areas of
macroscopic anatomy - Surface Anatomy
- Regional Anatomy
- Systemic Anatomy
9HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
- Cell Physiology
- The study of the functions of living cells
- Special Physiology
- The study of specific organs
- System Physiology
- The study of specific organ systems
- Pathology
- The study of the effects of diseases on organ or
system functions
10LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- System
- Organism
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19HOMEOSTASIS
- Refers to the existence of a stable internal
environment. Also referred to as the tendency of
internal balance of the organ systems.
20HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION
- Refers to the adjustments in physiological
systems that preserve homeostasis. - Homeostatic regulation usually involves
- A receptor that is sensitive to a particular
environmental change or stimulus - A control center, or integration center, which
receives and processes information from the
receptor.
21HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION
- An effector which responds to commands from the
control center and whose activity opposes or
reinforces the stimulus
22HOMEOSTATIC REGULATIONNegative Feedback
- The essential feature of negative feedback is
this - Regardless of whether the stimulus rises or falls
at the receptor, a variation outside normal
limits triggers an automatic response that
corrects the situation. - Primary example is thermoregulation.
- Too hot peripheral vasodilation sweating
- Too cold peripheral vasoconstriction
shivering.
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24HOMEOSTATIC REGULATIONPositive Feedback
- In positive feedback, the initial stimulus
produces a response that reinforces that
stimulus. - Positive feedback is improtant in accelerating
processes that must proceed to completion
rapidly. - Example would be blood clotting.
25Clotting Accelerates
Positive Feedback Loop
Break in blood vessel wall causes bleeding
Damaged cells release chemicals
Clotting Begins
Additional Chemicals Released
Blood clot plugs break in vessel wall bleeding
stops
26SURFACE ANATOMYAnatomical Landmarks
- Anatomical Position
- With the hands at the sides with the palms facing
forward, and the feet together. - Supine
- Lying face up
- Prone
- Lying face down
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30Directional Terms
- Anterior
- The front.
- Example The navel is on the anterior surface of
the trunk. - Ventral
- The belly side (equivalent to anterior when
referring to the human body)
31Directional Terms
- Posterior
- The back behind
- Example The shoulder blade is located posterior
to the rib cage - Dorsal
- The back (equivalent to posterior when referring
to the human body)
32Directional Terms
- Cranial or Cephalic
- The head
- Example The cranial, or cephalic, border of the
pelvis is superior to the thigh. - Superior
- Above at a higher level (in the human body,
toward the head - Example The nose is superior to the chin.
33Directional Terms
- Caudal
- The tail (coccyx in humans)
- Example The hips are caudal to the waist.
- Inferior
- Below at a lower level
- Example The knees are inferior to the hips.
34Directional Terms
- Medial
- Toward the bodys longitudinal axis
- Example The medial surfaces of the thighs may
be in contact. - Lateral
- Away from the bodys longitudinal axis
- Example The thigh articulates with the lateral
surface of the pelvis.
35Directional Terms
- Proximal
- Toward an attached base, closer to the center of
the body - Example The thigh is proximal to the foot.
- Distal
- Away from an attached base, further from the
center of the body - Example The fingers are distal to the wrist
36Directional Terms
- Superficial
- At, near, or relatively close to the body surface
- Example The scalp is superficial to the skull.
- Deep
- Farther from the body surface
- Example The bone of the thigh is deep to the
surrounding skeletal muscles.
37SECTIONAL ANATOMYPlanes and Sections
- Transverse Plane
- Frontal Plane
- Sagittal Plane
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39BODY CAVITIESDorsal Cavities
- Cranial Cavity
- Spinal Cavity
40BODY CAVITIESVentral Cavities
- Thoracic Cavity
- Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Ventral cavities are divided by the diaphragm
41BODY CAVITIESVentral Cavities
- Abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities lined with
serous membrane. The serous membranes have two
divisions - Visceral covers surfaces of internal organs
- Parietal forms outer wall of body cavity
42BODY CAVITIESVentral Cavities Serous Membranes
- Pericardial Cavity consists of pericardium
(visceral and parietal layers) - Pleural Cavities (2) pleura surrounds lungs.
Mediastinum divides the cavities - Peritoneal Cavity peritoneum surround abdominal
cavity. Mesenteries support organs
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44CELL STRUCTURE ANDFUNCTION
45Cell StructureObjectives
- Upon completion the student will be able to
- List the functions of the cell membrane and the
structures that perform those functions. - Describe the ways cells move materials across the
cell membrane - Describe the organelles of a typical cell and
indicate their specific functions - Explain the functions of the cell nucleus
- Summarize the process of protein synthesis
46Cell StructureObjectives
- Describe the process of mitosis and explain its
significance - Define differentiation and explain its importance
47CELL THEORY
- Cells are the basic structural units of all
plants and animals. - Cells are the smallest functioning units of life.
- Cells are produced only by the division of
preexisting cells. - Each cell maintains homeostasis.
48Cytology
- Defined as the study of the structure and
function of cells.
49CELLULAR ANATOMY
- Extracellular Fluid
- Watery fluid around cells, also called
interstitial fluid (something in between) - Cytoplasm
- Cell contents
- Cell Membrane
- Also called the plasma membrane
- Separates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid
- Organelles
- Intracellular structures
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52CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTIONS
- Physical Isolation
- Physical barrier. Needed to preserve
homeostasis. - Regulation of exchange with the environment
- Controls the entry of ions and nutrients,
elimination of wastes, and release of secretions.
53CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTIONS
- Sensitivity to the environment
- Responsive to changes in extracellular fluid.
Receptors on membrane recognize and respond to
specific molecules. - Structural support
- Connections between membranes and other materials
provide stable structure.
54MEMBRANE STRUCTUREMembrane Lipids
- Made up of fatty acids/cholesterol molecules
called phospholipids. - The phospholipids in a cell membrane lie in two
distinct layers. This layer is also known as
phospholipid bilayer because of its make-up.
55MEMBRANE STRUCTUREMembrane Proteins
- Receptors
- Channels
- Carriers
- Enzymes
- Anchors/Identifiers
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57MEMBRANE STRUCTUREMembrane Carbohydrates
- Important as cell lubricants and adhesives.
- Act as receptors for extracellular compounds.
- Are part of a recognition system that keeps the
immune system from attacking its own tissues.
58MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
- Permeability of the cell membrance determines
which substances enter or leave the cytoplasm. - Impermeable Nothing can cross
- Freely permeable Any substance can cross
- Selectively permeable Free passage of some
substances and restricting of others.
59MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
- Two types of transport across the cell membrane
- Passive Transport Examples
- Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Filtration
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Active Transport
- Requires that the cell expend energy, usually in
the form of ATP.
60PASSIVE TRANSPORTDiffusion
- Defined as Net movement of molecules from an
area of relatively high concentration to an area
of relatively low concentration. - The difference between the high and low
concentrations represents a concentration
gradient.
61PASSIVE TRANSPORTDiffusion
- Diffusion described as proceeding down a
concentration gradient or downhill. - An ion or molecule can independently diffuse
across a cell membrane in one of two ways - Move through a lipid portion
- Passing through a cell membrane channel
62PASSIVE TRANSPORTDiffusion
- Primary factors determining whether a substance
can diffuse across a cell membrane are its lipid
solubility and it size relative to the diameter
of the membrane channels.
63PASSIVE TRANSPORTDiffusion Lipid Solubility
- Alcohol, fatty acids and steroids can enter cells
easily through the lipid membranes. - This is also true of oxygen and carbon dioxide as
both are lipid soluble.
64PASSIVE TRANSPORTDiffusion - Size
- Channel membranes are very small, a water
molecule can enter or exit freely whereas glucose
is too big to fit through the channel.
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66PASSIVE TRANSPORTDiffusion - Osmosis
- Defined as The diffusion of water across a
membrane. - Whenever a concentration gradient exists, water
molecules will diffuse rapidly across the cell
membrane until the gradient is eliminated.
67PASSIVE TRANSPORTDiffusion - Osmosis
- Water molecules will tend to diffuse across a
membrane toward the solution containing a higher
solute concentration. - WATER FOLLOWS SALT!!!!!!!!
68PASSIVE TRANSPORTDiffusion - Osmosis
- Three Characteristics of osmosis are of primary
importance - Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules
across a membrane - Osmosis occurs across a selectively permeable
membrane that is freely permeable to water but
not to solutes
69PASSIVE TRANSPORTDiffusion - Osmosis
- In osmosis, water will flow across a membrane
toward the solution that has the highest
concentration of solutes
70PASSIVE TRANSPORTDiffusion Osmotic Pressure
- Defined as An indication of the force of water
movement into a solution as a result of solute
concentration. - In other words, if theres a lot of salt on one
side of a membrane the osmotic pressure will be
high and vice versa.
71PASSIVE TRANSPORTDiffusion Hydrostatic Pressure
- Defined as Pressure exerted against a fluid.
- Sometimes used to balance osmotic pressure.
72SOLUTIONS
- Isotonic
- Hypotonic
- Hypertonic
73ISOTONIC
- Solution is one that will not cause a net
movement of water into or out of the cell.
Concentration is equal to your circulating blood
volume. - Example is normal saline which has a solute
concentration of 0.9.
74HYPOTONIC
- When a cell is placed in this solution it will
swell. This is because the solution is at a
lower concentration than your circulation. - This swelling could result in membrane rupture or
lyse (breakdown).
75HYPERTONIC
- When a cell is placed in this solution it will
shrink in size because the solution is at a
concentration higher that the individuals
circulation.
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77PASSIVE TRANSPORTFiltration
- Water and small solute molecules are forced
across a membrane because of a hydrostatic
pressure gradient. - Hydrostatic pressure is blood pressure.
- Filtration across specialized blood vessels in
the kidneys is an essential step in the
production of urine.
78CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT
- Involves the activity of membrane proteins that
bind specific ions or organic substrates and move
them across the cell membrane. - They are selective in nature.
- Can be passive or active.
79CARRIER MEDIATED TRANSPORT
- Carrier proteins transport one ion at a time, but
some may deal with two simultaneously. - Cotransport the carrier transports two
substances in same direction. - Countertransport one substance moves into the
cell while the other moves out.
80CARRIER MEDIATED TRANSPORT
- Two major forms include
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Active Transport
81FACILITATED DIFFUSION
- Transporting molecules across a membrane by
carrier proteins, once they have bound to a
receptor site. - Example is the transportation of glucose across
the cell membrane.
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83ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- High-energy bond in ATP provides the energy
needed to move ions or molecules across the
membrane. - Forms
- Ion Pumps
- Exchange Pumps (Sodium/Potassium Pumps)
84ACTIVE TRANSPORTIon Pumps
- Ion pumps (carrier proteins) in all cells
actively transport the cations sodium, potassium,
calcium, and magnesium across cell membranes. - In some cells other ions are transported.
85ACTIVE TRANSPORTSodium-Potassium Pumps
- If one kind of ion moves in one direction and the
other moves in the opposite direction the carrier
protein is called an exchange pump. - A major function of these pumps is to maintain
cell homeostasis. - With sodium and potassium being the principal
cations in body fluids, maintaining their balance
is essential.
86ACTIVE TRANSPORTSodium-Potassium Pumps
- Homeostasis within the cell depends on
maintaining sodium and potassium ion
concentration gradients with the extracellular
fluid. - The sodium-potassium exchange pump maintains
these gradients by ejecting sodium ions and
recapturing lost potassium ions.
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88ACTIVE TRANSPORTVesicular Transport
- Movement of materials through the formation of
small membranous sacs (vesicles). - Two major categories
- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
89ACTIVE TRANSPORTVesicular Transport - Endocytosis
- Is the packaging of extracellular materials in a
vesicle at the cell surface for importation into
the cell. - Three Major Types
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis (large molecule
transport) - Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
- Phagocytosis (cell eating)
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92ACTIVE TRANSPORTVesicular Transport - Exocytosis
- The functional reverse of endocytosis.
- A vesicle created inside the cell fuses with the
cell membrane and discharges its contents into
the extracellular environment. - Examples Hormones, mucus, waste products
93CYTOPLASM
- General term for the material inside the cell
from the cell membrane to the nucleus. - Divided into
- Cytosol
- Organelles
94CYTOPLASMCytosol
- Is the intracellular fluid, which contains
dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble
proteins and waste products. - It differs in composition from the extracellular
fluid that surrounds most of the cells in the
body in the following ways - Contains a high concentration of potassium ions,
whereas extracellular fluid contains a high
concentration of sodium ions.
95CYTOPLASMCytosol
- Contains a relatively high concentration of
dissolved proteins, which give the cytosol a
consistency that varies between that of thin
maple syrup and almost-set gelatin. - Contains relatively small quantities of
carbohydrates and large reserves of amino acids
and lipids.
96CYTOPLASMCytosol - Inclusions
- The cytosol may also contain stored nutrients
(insoluble) known as inclusions. - Include glycogen granules in muscle and liver
cells and lipid droplets in fat cells.
97CYTOPLASMOrganells
- Structures that perform specific functions
essential to normal cell structure, maintenance,
and metabolism. - Some organells are membrane enclosed that
isolates the organelle from the cytosol so the
organelle can manufacture or store secretions,
enzymes, or toxins that might otherwise damage
the cell.
98CYTOPLASMOrganells
- Membrane enclosed organells include
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Organells that are not surrounded by their own
membrane include - Cytoskeleton
- Microvilli
- Centrioles
- Cilia
- Flagella
- Ribosomes
99CYTOPLASMOrganells Cytoskeleton
- Internal protein framework of various threadlike
filaments and hollow tubules that gives the
cytoplasm strength and flexibility. Three most
important cytoskeletal elements are - Microfilaments
- Intermediate filaments
- Microtubules
100CYTOSKELETONMicrofilaments
- Thinnest strands, usually composed of the protein
actin. - Attach the cell membrane to the underlying
cytoplasm by forming connections with proteins of
the cell membrane. - Interact with thicker filaments made of another
protein, myosin.
101CYTOSKELETONIntermediate Filaments
- In between the size of microfilaments and thick
filaments (myosin). - Strengthen the cell and stabilize its position
with respect to surrounding cells through
specialized attachments to the cell membrane.
102 CYTOSKELETONMicrotubules
- Found in all our cells, are hollow tubes built
from the globular protein tubulin. - Form the primary components of the cytoskeleton,
giving the cell strength and rigidity, and
anchoring the organells.
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104CYTOPLASMOrganells - Microvilli
- Small, finger-shaped projection of the cell
membrane supported by microfilaments. - Common features of cells actively engaged in
absorbing materials from the extracellular fluid,
such as the cells of the digestive tract and
kidneys.
105CYTOPLASMOrganells Centrioles
- Short cylindrical structure composed of
microtubules. - Create the spindle fibers that move DNA strands
during cell division. - Cells that do not divide, such as mature red
blood cells and neurons of the brain, lack
centrioles.
106CYTOPLASMOrganells Cillia
- Long finger-shaped extensions of the cell
membrane. - Their movements are coordinated so that their
combined efforts move fluids or secretions across
the cell surface.
107CYTOPLASMOrganells Flagella
- Resemble cilia but are much longer. Propel a
cell through the surrounding fluid, rather than
moving the fluid past a stationary cell. - The sperm cell is the only human cell that has a
flagellum.
108CYTOPLASM Organells Ribosomes
- Small organelles that manufacture proteins.
- Ribosomes are found in all cells.
- Two major types
- Free Ribosomes
- Fixed Ribosomes
109CYTOPLASM Organells Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Network of intracellular membranes that is
connected to the membranous nuclear envelop
surround the nucleus. - Four Major Functions
- Synthesis Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
- Storage Synthesized molecules or materials
absorbed from the cytosol without affecting other
cellular operations - Transport
- Detoxification Drugs and toxins neutralized by
enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum
110CYTOPLASM Organells Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Two Distinct Types
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
111SER
- Functions
- Synthesis of the phospholipids and cholesterol
needed for maintenance and growth of cell
membrane - Synthesis of steroid hormones, such as
testosterone and estrogen - Syntesis and storage of glycerides, especially
triglycerides, in liver and fat cells - Synthesis and storage of glycogen in skeletal
muscle and liver cells
112RER
- Functions as a combination workshop and shipping
depot. - Ribosomes on the surface of the RER (why its
called rough) release newly formed proteins
into the RER. - Some proteins function as enzymes (workshop)
- Some proteins form transport vesicles and deliver
the proteins to the Golgi apparatus, where they
are processed further (shipping).
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114CYTOPLASM Organells Golgi Apparatus
- Consists of a set of five or six flattened
membrane discs. - Major Functions
- Synthesis and packaging of secretions, such as
hormones and enzymes - The renewal of the cell membrane
- Packaging of enzymes for use in cytosol
115CYTOPLASM Organells Golgi Apparatus
- Once proteins arrive from the RER, the Golgi
Apparatus modifies these proteins and repackages
them as vesicles.
116CYTOPLASM Organells Golgi Apparatus
- The Golgi Apparatus creates three classes of
vesicles - Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes. Remain in
the cytoplasm. - Secretory vesicles Contains secretion that will
be discharged from the cell. (Hormones) - Membrane renewal vesicles Fuses with the
surface of the cell to add new lipids and
proteins to the cell membrane.
117Golgi ApparatusLYSOSOMES
- Vesicles filled with digestive enzymes.
- Perform cleanup and recycling functions within
the cell. - Also function in the defense against disease.
- Involved in process autolysis, known as suicide
bags
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119CYTOPLASM Organells Mitochondria
- Small organelles containing enzymes that regulate
the reactions that provide energy for the cell. - Key activities consume oxygen, the process of
mitochondrial energy production is known as
aerobic metabolism.
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121CYTOPLASM Organells Nucleus
- The control center for cellular operations, DNA
storage. - Most cells have 1 nucleus.
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123TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
124Tissue LevelObjectives
- Upon completion the student will be able to
- Discuss the types and functions of epithelial
cells. - Describe the relationship between form and
function for each epithelial type - Compare the structures and functions of the
various types of connective tissues - Explain how epithelial and connective tissues
combine to form four different types of
membranes, and specify the functions of each
125Tissue LevelObjectives
- Describe the three types of muscle tissue and the
special structural features of each - Discuss the basic structure and role of nervous
tissue - Explain how tissues respond to maintain
homeostasis after an injury. - Describe how aging affects the tissues of the
body.
126TISSUES
- Four Primary Tissue Types
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Neural tissue
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128EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- Consists of epithelia and glands.
- Epithelium is a layer of cells that forms a
barrier with specific properties. Important
characteristics include - A free surface exposed to the environment
- Attachment to underlying connective tissue by a
basement membrane - The absence of blood vessels (avascular)
129EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- Cells are bound closely together.
- Continual replacement or regeneration of
epithelial cells that are damaged or lost at the
exposed surface. - Cover both external and internal body surfaces.
- Line internal passageways.
- Line internal cavities and passageways.
130EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- Functions
- Providing physical protection
- Controlling permeability
- Providing sensations
- Producing specialized secretions
131EPITHELIAL TISSUESpecialized Secretions
- Exocrine
- Discharged to the surface of the skin.
- Endocrine
- Released into the surrounding tissues and blood.
(hormones).
132EPITHELIAL TISSUEIntercellular Connections
- To be effective epithelial cells must remain
together. - Three forms of junctions
- Gap Junction
- Permit the free diffusion of ions and small
molecules. Essential in muscle contractions.
133EPITHELIAL TISSUEIntercellular Connections
- Tight Junction
- Prevents the passage of water and solutes between
cells. Essential in digestive track where acids
and enzymes take a toll. - Desmosome
- Cell membranes of two cells are locked together
and form layers. Common in skin.
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135EPITHELIAL TISSUEEpithelial Surface
- Microvilli on exposed surfaces.
- On epithelia where absorption and secretion take
place (digestive track). - Stereocillia are found only on very specialized
cells in the male reproductive tract and in the
inner ear.
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137EPITHELIAL TISSUEBasement Membrane
- Epithelial cells not only must hold onto one
another but also must remain firmly connected to
the rest of the body, this is the function of the
basement membrane. - Provides a barrier that restricts the movement of
proteins and other large molecules from
connective tissue into the epithelium.
138EPITHELIAL RENEWAL
- Only survive for a day or two.
- Replaced by continual division of unspecialized
cells known as stem cells or germinative cells.
139CLASSIFYING EPITHELIA
- Classified by the number of cell layers and the
shape of the exposed cells. - Two Types of Layering
- Simple
- Stratified
140CLASSIFYING EPITHELIA
- Three cell shapes
- Squamous Thin and flat
- Cuboidal Resemble little hexagonal boxes
- Columnar Hexagonal, taller and more slender
141CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIACell Shape
- Simple Squamous Epithelia
- Simple Cuboidal Epithelia
- Simple Columnar Epithelia
- Pseudostratified Epithelia
- Transitional Epithelia
- Stratified Squamous Epithelia
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144GLANDULAR EPITHELIA
- Exocrine - discharge through ducts.
- Endocrine - release into blood or tissue fluids.
145GLANDULAR EPITHELIAMechanism of Secretion
- Three methods
- Merocrine secretion - released through exocytosis
(mucus) - Apocrine secretion - involves the loss of both
cytoplasm and the secretory product (milk) - Holocrine secretion - entire cell becomes packed
with secretions and burst a part dies
(sebaceous)
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147GLANDULAR EPITHELIAType of Secretion
- Exocrine Glands characterized by type of
secretion produced - Serous Glands Watery solution containing
enzymes - Mucous glands Thick, slippery mucus
- Mixed glands Contains more than one secretion
148CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Deep tissues that are never exposed to the
environment outside the body. - Functions include
- Supporting and protecting
- Transporting materials
- Storing energy reserves
- Defending the body
149CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Most diverse tissues of the body (bone, blood and
fat) - Three basic components
- Specialized cells
- Protein fibers
- Ground substance
150CLASSIFYING CONNECTIVE TISSUES
- Based on the physical properties of their matrix,
connective tissues are classified into three
major types - Connective tissue proper - tissue that underlies
the skin, fatty tissue, and tendons and ligaments - Fluid connective tissues - blood and lymph
- Supporting connective tissues - cartilage and bone
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152CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
- Contains fibers, a syrupy ground substance and a
varied cell population. Include - Fibroblasts Maintains the connective tissue
fibers of connective tissue proper - Macrophages Eaters. Tissue defense.
- Fat cells
- Mast cells Bodies defensive mechanism starters
153CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS
- Three basic types
- Collagen Most common. Long, straight and
unbranched. - Elastic Contain elastin.
- Reticular Least common. Form branching,
interwoven framework in various organs.
154GROUND SUBSTANCE
- Fills all the spaces between cells and surrounds
all the connective tissue fibers. Clear,
colorless, and similar in consistency to maple
syrup. - Slows movement of pathogens for easier cleanup.
155LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Also called areolar tissue.
- Forms a layer that separates the skin from
underlying muscles. - Provides padding and a considerable amount of
independent movement.
156ADIPOSE TISSUS
- Fat, a loose connective tissue containing
adipocytes (fat cells). - Another source of padding.
- Insulation.
157DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
- Mostly collagen fibers. Also called fibrous
tissues. - Tendons
- Ligaments
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159FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUES
- Blood and Lymph
- Blood components
- Red Blood Cells
- Plasma
- White Blood Cells
- Platelets
- Vessels
160FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUES
- Lymph components
- Lymphatics
- Lymphocytes
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162SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Cartilage - firm gel. Cells called chondrocytes,
and live in small pockets known as lacunae. - Types
- Hyaline cartilage
- Elastic cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
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164BONE
- Also known as osseous tissue. The matrix of bone
consists of hard calcium compounds and flexible
collage fibers. - General Organization
- Lacunae - contain bone cells (osteocytes)
- Canaliculi
- Periosteum
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166MEMBRANES
- Four Membranes
- Mucous membranes (digestive)
- Serous membranes (pleura)
- Cutaneous membrane (skin)
- Synovial membranes (joints)
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168MUSCLE TISSUE
- Specialized for contraction
- Types of muscle tissue
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
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170NEURAL TISSUE
- Two Types
- Neuron
- Neuroglia
171NEURON
- Typical Neuron
- Cell body (soma)
- Dendrites
- Axon
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173TISSUE INJURIES AND REPAIRS
- Two Processes
- Inflammation
- Brings fighters to the fight
- Regeneration
- Fixing the damage