General Terminology Unit

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General Terminology Unit

• Read Chapter 1 HW pg 20
• M/C 2, 4, 5 S.A. 8, 9

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Basic Vocabulary

• AnatomyStudy of internal/external body parts and
  relationships
• Microscopic anatomy
• cytologyanalysis of internal structure of
  individual cells
• histologystudying tissues

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Basic Vocabulary

• Macroscopic (Gross)visible to naked eye, many
  subdivisions
• Surface Anatomy
• Regional Anatomy
• Systemic Anatomyour focus

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Basic Vocabulary

• PhysiologyStudy of functions of human body
• Cell physiologyfunctions of cells
• Systemic physiologyour focuslooking at systems
  within body
• Pathologic physiologylooking at diseases and
  effects

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Systems of the Human Body

• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular

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Systems of the Human Body
Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular
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Systems of the Human Body

• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Urinary

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Systems of the Human Body

• Digestive
• Reproductive

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Maintaining life

• Systems dont work in isolation. They all work
  together to promote the well-being of the body as
  a whole.
• (As we go through this material, you should
  refresh your memory regarding the different body
  systems by referring to pages 5 and 6 in your
  text)

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Maintaining Life

• Maintaining Boundaries
• Every living organism must be able to maintain
  its boundaries so that inside is different
  than outside.

illumin.usc.edu
mayang.com
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Maintaining life
lowdensitylifestyle.com
daviddarling.info

• Movement
• such as propelling from one place to another .
• also occurs when substances are propelled through
  the internal organs.

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Maintaining life

• Responsiveness (or irritability)
• the ability sense changes in the environment and
  then to react to them.
• When the level of Carbon Dioxide in your blood
  rises to dangerously high levels, the response of
  your body is to increase your respiration rate to
  rid the body of the excess carbon dioxide.

sk.lung.ca
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Maintaining life

• Digestion
• The process of breaking down food into simple
  molecules that can then be absorbed into the bood
  for delivery to all body cells.

nature.com
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Maintaining life

• Metabolism
• broad term that refers to all chemical reactions
  that occur within body cells.

biocadmin.otago.ac.nz
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Maintaining life

• Excretion is the process of removing waste
  products from the body.

matthewsanimalproject.wikispaces.com
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Maintaining life

• Reproduction
• The production of offspring which can occur at
  both a cellular level as well as the organismal
  level.

explore.ecb.org
bbc-cnn-worldnews.blogspot.com
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Maintaining life

• Growth
• An increase in size, usually accomplished by an
  increase in the number of cells.

aegisasia.com
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Homeostasis

• the bodys ability to maintain relatively stable
  internal conditions even though the external
  world is constantly changing. The control
  mechanisms always include a receptor, control
  center and effector.

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Control mechanisms for homeostasis

• Receptorsensor that monitors inputs (stimuli)
  and sends the info to
• Control Centeranalyzes info and determines
  appropriate response
• Effectorprovides response to stimulus and
  provides feedback to receptor

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Negative Feedback

• Effect of the response is to shut off original
  stimulus or to reduce its intensity (nearly all)

physiology-11.wikispaces.com
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Positive Feedback

• Effect of the response is to enhance the stimuli
  so the reaction continues at a faster rate (very
  rare)

mattk.com
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Language of Anatomy

• Anatomical positionhands at sides with palms
  forward
• Become familiar with Table 1.1 and figures 1.5a
  and 1.5bthis will help you in later chapters!
• Supinelying face up in anatomical position
• Pronelying face down in anatomical position

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Language of Anatomy cont

• Superior/Cranial Toward the head end of the
  body.
• Eg. The hand is part of the superior extremity.
• Inferior/Caudal Toward the foot end of the
  body.
• Eg. The foot is part of the inferior extremity
  the hips are caudal to the wrist.
• Anterior/ventral Belly side (only in humans,
  not 4-legged animals)
• Eg. The kneecap is located on the anterior side
  of the body.

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Language of Anatomy cont

• Posterior/Dorsalback (only in humans, not
  4-legged animals)
• eg. The shoulder blades are located on the
  posterior side of the body.
• Medialtoward the midline of the body.
• eg. The great toe is located on the medial side
  of the foot.
• Lateralaway from the midline of the body
• eg. Moving laterally from the nose brings you to
  the eyes.

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Language of Anatomy cont

• Proximaltoward/nearest the trunk or the point of
  origin of a part.
• eg. The elbow is located on the proximal end of
  the forearm.
• Distalaway from/farthest from the trunk or the
  point of origin of a part.
• eg. The hand is located on the distal end of the
  forearm.
• Superficialnear/relatively near the surface of
  the body.
• eg. The skin is superficial to the muscles
• Deepfarther from the body surface.
• eg. The bones are deep in the arm.

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Body Planes are sections

• Sagittala lengthwise plane running from front to
  back that divides a body into right and left
  sides.
• Median/Midsagittalsagittal plane through the
  midline splitting the body into right and left
  halves.

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Body Planes are sections

• Coronal/Frontallengthwise plane running from
  side to side divides a body into anterior and
  posterior parts.
• Transversecrosswise plane divides body into
  superior and inferior parts.

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Overview of Tissues

• a tissue is an organized group of cells and
  non-living interstitial material. Each tissue
  specializes in performing at least one unique
  function that is essential for healthy survival
  of the body.
• Epithelial tissue
• Lines the bodys surface, cavities, ducts and
  tubes
• One free surface faces a body fluid or the
  environment

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Epithelial tissue

• Functions of Epithelial Tissue
• Provide physical protectionprotect
  exposed/internal surfaces from abrasion,
  dehydration, etc.
• Control permeabilityany substance that
  enters/leaves body has to cross an epithelium
• Provide sensationmost epithelia are extensively
  innervated by sensory nerves. Can detect changes
  in their environment and convey information to
  the nervous system.
• Produce specialized secretions

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Connective Tissue

• examples include bone, fat and blood. Found
  throughout the body but never exposed to the
  outside environment.
• Many are highly vascularized (lots of blood
  vessels) and contain sensory receptors that
  provide pain, pressure, temp and other info.

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Examples of Connective Tissues
www.bio.miami.edu
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Connective Tissue cont

• Functions of Connective Tissue
• Establishing a structural framework for the body.
• Transport fluids from one region of the body to
  another.
• Protect delicate organs.
• Storing energy reserves.

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Classification--Connective Tissue

• Dense Connective Tissuemany types of cells and
  interstitial fibers in a syrupy ground substance.
• Fibroblastshelps form tendons and ligaments

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Classification--Connective Tissue

• Loose Connective Tissues
• Bloodblood cells and fragments of cells (formed
  elements). The RBCs (erythrocytes) account for ½
  volume of bloodjob is to carry oxygen to cells
  of body.

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Classification--Connective Tissue

• Areolar tissuemost widely distributed connective
  tissue, cobwebby tissue that cushions and
  protects.

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Classification--Connective Tissue

• Adipose tissue (fat)areolar tissue with lots of
  fat cells.

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Classification--Connective Tissue

• Reticular tissuefound in lymph

home.mc.ntu.edu.tw
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Classification--Connective Tissue

• Supporting Connective Tissue
• Cartilageavascularall nutrients/waste products
  must go through cartilage via diffusion.
• Blood vessels dont grow here due to
  antiangiogenesis factor (chemical that
  discourages the growth of bv). This
  antiangiogenesis factor is being studied for use
  in cancer treatment.

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Types of Cartilage

• Hyalinetough but somewhat flexible. egs.
  Ribs/sternum, nasal cartilage, knee and elbows.

www.allaboutarthritis.com
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Types of Cartilage

• Elasticextremely resilient and flexible. egs.
  External flap of ear, auditory tube, epiglottis.

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Types of Cartilage

• Fibrocartilageextremely tough and durable. egs.
  Cartilage between the vertebrae, between pubic
  bones

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Supporting Connective Tissue cont

• Bonemuch tougher/stronger than cartilage. We
  will discuss this in great detail in the Skeletal
  System unit.

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Muscular Tissue

• Muscle Tissue (function of)coordinate movement
  of the body and its parts.

www.uta.edu
Skeletal musclevoluntary Cardiac musclefound in
heart Smooth muscleinvoluntaryfound in
digestive system and other involuntary actions
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Nervous Tissue

• Nervous Tissue (function of)specializes in
  communication between the various parts of the
  body and integration of its activities.

oregonstate.edu