Chapter 6 Review

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Chapter 6 Review

• Ancient Rome and The Rise of Christianity

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Section 1

• Geography and Peoples of Itlay
• Rome began as a small city-state in Italy and
  ended up ruling the entire Mediterranean world.
  Because of its geography Italy was much easier to
  unify then Greece.
• Italy has the advantage of broad fertile plains,
  both in the north under the shadow of the alps
  and in the west.
• The Etruscans ruled much of central Italy
  including Rome itself. Roman learned a lot form
  their civilization alphabet, learned to use the
  arch in building, and engineering techniques.
• The Roman Republic
• The Romans drove out their Etruscans ruler in 509
  B.C. known as the founding of the roman state.

• The Romans set up a new government where
  officials were chosen by the people called a
  republic. They thought it would keep any
  individual from gaining too much power.
• The senate was the most powerful governing body
  each year the senators elected two consuls. In
  the event of a war the senate might choose a
  dictator
• Cincinnatus organized an army that led the Romans
  to victory over the attacking enemy
• The laws of the twelve tables made it possible
  for the first time for plebeians to appeal a
  judgment handed down by a patrician judge
• Plebeians forced the senate to choose plebeian as
  consuls, appoint plebeians to other high offices
  and finally to open the senate itself to
  plebeians.

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Continuation of Section 1

• Roman society
• The male head had absolute power, the women has
  to do what he said. She was loving, dutiful,
  dignified and strong.
• In later Roman times many women worked in
  businesses but most worked at home raising their
  families. Over centuries they began to gain male
  powers.
• Girls and boys learned to read and write
• Romans preyed to Neptune, god of the sea

• Expansion in italy
• Armies expanded roman power across Italy they
  conquered the Etruscans and then the Greek
  city-states in the south 270 B.C. tom controlled
  most of the Italian peninsula
• Roman commanders mixed rewards with harsh
  punishments.
• Conquered peoples had to acknowledge roman
  leadership pay taxes and supply the soldiers for
  the roman army.
• Slowly Italy began to unite under roman rule

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Section 2

• From Republic to Empire-Winning an Empire
• Rome's conquest of the Italian peninsula brought
  it into contact with carthage, a city state in
  the northern coast of Africa.
• Between 264 B.C. and 146 B.C. Rome fought three
  wars against carthage, Punic wars.
• Rome defeated carthage in the first war and won
  Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia.
• Carthinians came back winning battle after battle
  for 15 years but wasnt able to capture Rome
  itself. Romans came back.
• In the third Punic war Rome completely destroyed
  carthage. They were now masters of the western
  Mediterranean.
• One by one Macedonia Greece and parts of Asia
  minor surrendered and became Roman provinces.
• Conquests and control of busy trade routes
  brought incredible riches into Rome.
• As the Romans conquered more and more lands, they
  forced people captured in war to work as slaves
  on the latifundia.
• Many farmers fell into debt and had to sell their
  land because of the slaves.
• As the gap between rich and poor widened, angry
  mobs began to riot.

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Continuation of Section 2

• Two young patricians brothers named Tiberius and
  Gaius Gracchus were among the first to attempt
  reform.
• Tiberius elected tribune in 133 B.C. called on
  the state to distribute land to poor farmers
• Gaius elected tribune 10 years later, sought a
  wider range of reforms including the use of
  public funds to buy grain to feed the poor.
• They were killed in waves of street violence set
  off by senators and their hired thugs.
• Decline of the republic
• Unable to resolve its problems peacefully Rome
  was plunged into a serious of civil wars.
• The turmoil sparked slave uprisings and revolts
  among Rome's allies.
• Out of this chaos emerged Julius Caesar an
  ambitious military commander. For a time Caesar
  dominated roman politics with Pompey.
• Secretly Caesar led his army across the Rubicon
  River into northern Italy and then headed toward
  Rome. Once again civil war erupted across the
  roman world.
• Caesar crushed Pompey and his supporters. He
  then swept around the Mediterranean suppressing
  rebellions.
• He launched a program of public works to employ
  the jobless and gave public land to the poor. He
  also reorganized the government of the provinces
  and granted roman citizenship to more people.
  The most important reform was the introduction of
  a new calendar based on Egyptian knowledge.

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Continuation of Section 2

• In march 44 B.C. Caesars enemies feared that he
  wanted to become king and ruin the republic, they
  stabbed him to death.
• The death of Julius Caesar plunged Rome into a
  new round of civil wars.
• Roman Empire and Roman Peace
• The senate gave the triumphant Octavian the title
  of Augustus and declared him princeps. Augustus
  exercised absolute power but didnt call himself
  king. Under Augustus the 500 year old republic
  came to an end. A new age had dawned the age of
  the roman empire
• Augustus undertook economic reforms too. The
  government that Augustus organized functioned
  well for 200 years.
• Two early emperors Caligua and neo were downright
  evil and perhaps insane. Caligua appointed his
  favorite hoarse as consul. Nero viciously
  persecuted Christians and was blamed for setting
  a great fire that destroyed much of Rome.
• The 200 year span that began with Augustus and
  ended with Marcus Aurelius is knows as the Pax
  Romana. During that time roman rile brought
  peace order unity and prosperity to lands
  stretching from the Euphrates river in east to
  Britain in the west
• Throughout the empire rich and poor alike loved
  spectacular entertainments. Circus Maximus,
  gladiator contests.

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Section 3-The Roman Achievement

• Greco roman civilization
• In its early days Rome absorbed ideas from Greek
  colonists in southern Italy and it continued to
  borrow heavily from Greek culture after it
  conquered Greece.
• The blending of Greek, Hellenistic and roman
  traditions produced what is know as Greco Roman
  civilization.
• Literature Philosophy and History
• Many Romans spoke Greek and imitated Greek styles
  in prose and poetry.
• Art and Architecture
• Roman art and architecture were based on Greek
  and Etruscan models.
• Technology and Science
• The Romans excelled in engineering. Roman
  engineers built roads bridges and harbors
  throughout the empires. They also built many
  immense aqueducts.

• Astronomer mathematician Ptolemy proposed a
  theory that the earth was the center of the
  universe a mistake idea that was excepted in the
  western world for nearly 1,500 years.
• The Greek doctor Galen advanced the frontiers of
  medical science by insisting on experiments to
  prove a conclusion. Galen complied a medical
  encyclopedia summarizing what was know at the
  time.
• Pliny the elder a roman scientist complied
  volumes on geography zoology botany and other
  topics all based on other peoples works.
• Roman Law
• During the republic tome developed a system of
  law know as the civil law that applied to its
  citizens
• Gradually a second system of law know as the law
  of nations emerged.

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Section 4-The Rise of Christianity

• Religious diversity
• Within the culturally diverse roman empire a
  variety of religious ballets and practices
  coexisted
• Mystery Religions
• One of the most popular was the cult of Isis
  which originated in Egypt and offered women equal
  status with men.
• Others worshiped the Persian god Mithras, who
  championed good over evil and offered life after
  death.
• Religious Toleration
• As long as citizens showed loyalty by honoring
  roman gods and acknowledging the divine spirit of
  the emperor, they were allowed to worship other
  gods as they pleased.
• Divisions in Judea
• By 63 B.C. the Romans conquered Judea where most
  Jews lived. To avoid violating the Jewish belief
  in one god the Romans excused Jews from
  worshiping roman gods.
• Concerned about the weakening of their religion
  Jewish conservatives rejected the influences of
  the Greek customs and ideas, and called for
  strict obedience to Jewish laws and traditions.
• Jewish Revolt
• In A.D. 66 discontent flared into rebellion.
  Roman forces crushed the rebels, captured
  Jerusalem and destroyed the Jewish temple.

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Continuation of Section 4

• Thousands of Jews were killed in the fighting
  when it happened for a second time and many were
  enslaved and transported to various parts of the
  empire.
• Jesus and His Message
• As turmoil engulfed the Jews in Palestine a new
  religion, Christianity, rose among them. Its
  founder was a Jew named Jesus.
• Life of Jesus
• Jesus was born about 4 B.C. in Bethlehem near
  Jerusalem.
• Growing up in a small town of Nazareth, Jesus
  worshiped god and followed Jewish law.
• Large crowds gathered to hear Jesus teachings
  especially when word spread that he had performed
  miracles of healing.
• The Message
• Jesus believed in one god and excepted the ten
  commandment. He preached obedience to the laws
  of Moses and defended the teachings of the Jewish
  prophets.
• Jesus proclaimed the his mission was to bring
  spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone
  who would believe in him.
• Death On The Cross
• Jesus was betrayed by one of his disciples.
  Arrested by the Romans, he was tried and
  condemned to be crucified.

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Continuation of Section 4

• Spread of Christianity
• Following Jesus death the apostles and other
  disciples spread Jesus message and helped
  establish Christian communities. Gradually
  disciples of Jesus began to preach in Jewish
  communities throughout the roman world. It was
  Paul a Jew from Asia minor who played the most
  influential role in the spread of Christianity.
• Work of Paul
• Paul made an important decision. He would spread
  the teachings of Jesus beyond Jewish communities
  to gentiles, or non-Jews. Paul's missionary work
  set Christianity on the road to becoming a world
  religion.
• Persecution
• Rome's tolerant attitude towards religion did not
  extend to Christianity. In times of trouble
  persecution increased. Roman rulers like Nero
  used Christians as scapegoats, blaming them for
  social or economic ills. Over the centuries,
  thousands of Christians became martyrs.
• Reasons for Christianity's Appeal
• People found comfort in Jesus message of love.
  Equality, human dignity, and the promises of a
  better life beyond the grave were very attractive
  teachings.
• Early Christian documents were usually written in
  Greek or Latin, languages that many people in the
  empire understood

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Continuation of Section 4

• Triumph
• The persecution of Christians finally ended in
  A.D. 313 when the emperor Constantine issued the
  edict of Milan. Some 80 years later the emperor
  Theodosius made Christianity the official
  religion of the roman empire.
• Early Christian Church
• Early Christian communities shared a common faith
  in the teachings of Jesus and a common way of
  worship.
• Patterns of Life and Worship
• A person fully joined the Christian community by
  renouncing evil in the rite of baptism. Each
  Sunday Christians gathered for a ceremony of
  thanksgiving to god.
• Role of Women
• Women often led the way to Christianity in early
  Christian communities, women served as teachers
  and administrators.
• Structure of The Church
• Each Christian community had its own priest only
  men were allowed to become members of the
  Christian clergy.
• Gradually the bishops of the most important
  cities in roman empire gained greater authority
• Divisions in The Church
• As the rituals and structure of the church became
  more defined, divisions began to rise.

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Continuation of Section 4

• A major divisive force was rivalry among the
  patriarchs. The patriarchs felt that the five
  patriarchs should share spiritual authority as
  equals
• Another source of this disunity was the emergence
  of heresies. To end disputes over questions of
  faith, councils of church leaders met to decide
  official Christian teaching.
• Theology and Scholarship
• Early Christians produced and abundance of works
  on Judeo-Christian theology.
• Two leading scholars of the early Christian
  church were clement and Origen. They both wrote
  in Greek. Origen was most respected for his
  intellectual achievements.
• Augustine perhaps the greatest of the early
  church scholars combined Greco-roman learning.
  Especially the philosophy of Plato with Christian
  doctrine

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Section 5-The Long Decline

• Crisis and Reforms
• After the death of the emperor Marcus Aurelius in
  180, the golden age of the Pax Romana ended.
• Struggles for power
• Emperors were overthrown by political intriguers
  or ambitious generals who seized power with the
  support of their troops.
• Those who rose the Imperial throne in this way
  ruled for just a few months or years until they
  were overthrown or assassinated.
• Economic and Social Problems
• High taxes to support the army and bureaucracy
  placed heavy burdens on business people and small
  farmers. Many poor farmers left their land and
  sought protection from wealthy landowners
• Emperor Diocletian
• In 284 the emperor Diocletian set out to restore
  order. To make the empire easier to govern, he
  divided into 2 parts.
• Diocletian tried to increase the prestige of the
  Emperor by surrounding himself with elaborate
  ceremonies.
• Diocletian also took steps to end the Empires
  economic decay. These rules were meant to ensure
  steady production of food and other goods.
• Emperor Constantine
• As emperor Constantine continued Diocletian's
  reforms. Constantine granted toleration to
  Christians. He built a new Capital,
  Constantinople on the Bosporus.

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Continuation of Section 5

• By making his Capital there, Constantine made the
  Eastern portion of the Empire the center of
  power.
• Foreign Invasions
• For centuries Rome had faced attacks from the
  Germanic peoples who lived East of the Rhine and
  North of the Danube Rivers.
• As early as A.D. 200 wars in East Asia set off a
  chain of events that would eventually overwhelm
  Rome, thousands of miles West. Those wars sent
  the Huns, a Nomadic people, migrating across
  central Asia
• Men armed with spears moved in vans along with
  women and children, Carts and Herds, hoping to
  settle on Roman land. It was only a matter of
  time before foreign innovators marched into Italy
  and took over Rome itself.
• In 378 when a Roman army tried to turn back, the
  Visigoths at Adrianople, It suffered a stunning
  defeat Roman power was fading.
• Starting in 434, the Hun leader Attila embarked
  on a savage campaign of conquest across much of
  Europe.
• Finally in 476, Odoacer a Germanic leader ousted
  the emperor in Rome. Later the historian
  referred to that event as the Fall of Rome.
• Causes of the Fall of Rome
• Perhaps the most obvious cause of Romes Fall was
  the Germanic invasions.
• Political problems also contributed to Romes
  decline. As the government became more
  oppressive it lost the support of the people.

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Continuation of Section 5

• Economic problems were widespread in the empire.
  Heavier and heavier taxes were required to
  support the vast government bureaucracy and huge
  military establishment. The population itself
  declined as war and epidemic deceases swept the
  Empire.
• For centuries, worried Romans pointed to the
  decline in value such as Patriotism, Discipline,
  and Devotion to Duty in which the Empire was
  built. The need to replace citizen soldiers with
  mercenaries testified to the decline of
  Patriotism.
• The Roman Empire did not disappear from the map
  in 476. An emperor still ruled the eastern Roman
  empire, which later became known as the Byzantine
  Empire and lasted for another 1000 years.

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Vocabulary of Chapter 6

• Section 1
• Republic- officials that were chosen by the
  people
• Patricians- members of the land holding upper
  class
• Consuls- people who supervised the business of
  government and command the armies
• Dictator- ruler who has complete control over a
  government
• Plebeians- farmers, merchants, artisans and
  traders who made up the bulk of the population
• Tribunes- when the Plebeians gained the right to
  elect their own officials
• Veto- to block
• Legion- basic military unit
• Section 2
• Imperialism- establishing control over foreign
  lands and peoples
• Provinces- lands under Roman rule
• Latifundia- wealthy families bought up huge
  estates
• Census- population count
• Section 3
• Satirize- make fun of
• Mosaic- a picture made from chips of colored
  stone or glass
• Engineering- the application of Science and
  Mathematics to develop useful structures and
  machines
• Aqueducts- bridge like stone structures that
  brought water from the hills into Roman cities

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Vocabulary Chapter 6

• Section 4
• Messiah- anointed king sent by God
• Apostles- from the Greek word meaning a person
  sent forth
• Martyrs- people who suffer or die for their
  beliefs
• Bishop- a church official who was responsible for
  all Christians in the area called Diocese
• Patriarch- Constantinople gained the honorary
  title of Patriarch
• Popes- bishops of Rome
• Heresies- beliefs set to be contrary to official
  church teachings
• Section 5
• Inflation- the rapid rise of prices
• Mercenaries- foreign soldiers serving for pay

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Regents questions

• 1. Developed a tribute system
• Reestablished trade along the Silk Roads
• Created an empire from Eastern Europe to
• the Pacific coast of Asia
• Which group was responsible for the results
• described above?
• (1) Huns (3) Koreans
• (2) Japanese (4) Mongols..anwer