Japan in the Modern World

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Japan in the Modern World

• The Path to Modernity

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Tokugawa Isolation and Commodore Perry
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Tokugawa Japan What was it like?

• Over 200 years of peace
• Both Daimyo and samurai become impoverished
• Samurai became bureaucrats
• Other samurai became merchantsbeginning of
  market economy
• Isolation from the rest of the world
• Buddhism and Confucianism are important
• Sankin Kotai alternate years of residence in Edo
  lead to development of roads and businesses

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Threat posed by the West

• -- Superior guns and arms
• --Knowledge of imperialism in Asia
• --imposition of unequal treaties
• --business and missionary interests

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Japans Revolution involves restoring the Emperor
to direct rule

• outside daimyo lead revolt
• Aim to overthrow the Shogun and restore the
  emperor to power
• Aim to get rid of foreigners and unequal treaties

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Body of English merchant, Charles Richardson
killed in Japan
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British bombard Kagoshima
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French mission training Shogunal troops
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Alliance of Satsuma and Choshu

• Emperor wanted to restore his power
• Traditional enemies, Satsuma and Choshu unite
  against the Tokugawa
• Both outside Hans with tradition of disliking the
  shogun
• Rallying cry was Sonno Joirestore the emperor,
  expel the barbarians

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The Last Shogun

• Yoshinobu

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Satsuma Samurai plotting Restoration
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Shogunal forces burning the Satsuma Palace in Edo
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Saigo Takamori and the Boshin War
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The revolution inaugurates an era of reform

• Capital renamed Tokyo and Imperial court moves
  there.
• Daimyo return land to the emperor.
• Social classes abandoned, samurai disappear.
• Creation of conscript army universal
  conscription based on Prussian model.
• Creation of navy based on English model.
• Flag Adopted

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Flag of Japan the Rising Sun
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Commanders in Japanese army
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Japanese Navy
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Meiji Restoration

• Everything Western becomes the fashion

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Promotion of State Shinto

• Shinto shrines supported by the state
• Everyone must register in the shrine
• Separation from Buddhism
• Downplay of Buddhism

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Shinto Shrine Worship of the Emperor
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Promotion of Education

• Charter Oath of 1868 Knowledge shall be sought
  throughout the world so as to strengthen the
  foundations of Imperial rule
• Creation of Western Education system elementary,
  secondary and university
• 1972 mandatory 4 years education for all
  children boys and girls

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Imperial Rescript on Education on 1890

• Loyalty to the emperor and the state picture of
  the emperor in each classroom
• Self sacrifice to the state and family
• Filial piety applied to family AND national
  family including teachers, officials and
  employers
• Taught what to think, not how to think

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Imperial Rescript on Education
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Problems in establishing the new system

• Saigo Takemori and the Satsuma Rebellion

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Saigo Takamori leads the Satsuma Rebellion

• Battle of Shiroyama Saigo and his army

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Rule by the Oligarchs

• Privileged clique
• Believers in Kokugaku (native studies)
• Create conscript military
• Abolish four classes of society
• Send missions abroad such as Iwakura Mission

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Iwakura Mission

• Headed by Iawkura Tomomi
• Twofold goalrevise unequal treaties and learn
  about West
• 1871-1873 failed in first and succeeded in second

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Road to the Meiji Constitution of 1889

• Society of Patriots (Aikokusha) founded 1878
• Jiyuto (Liberal Party) founded in 1881 (French
  model)
• Okuma Shigenobu founded the Constitutional
  Progressive Party advocating the British system
• Imperial Rule Party established in 1882

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Itagaki Taisuke cerates the Society of Patriots
(Aikokusha)
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Okuma Shigenobu creates the Constitutional
Progressive Party
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Representation

• 1875 Osaka Conference create independent
  judiciary
• 1878 conference of Prefectural Governors
  established elected Prefectural assemblies
• 1880 elected assemblies in villages and towns
• 1880 delegates from 24 prefectures created the
  League for Establishing a National Assembly.

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Repression

• 1875 laws prohibit press criticism of government
• 1880 Public Assembly Law limits public
  gatherings and requires police permission for all
  meetings

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Constitution Gift of the Emperor to his People

• Imperial Diet elected House of Representatives
  and House of Peers
• Limited franchise males over 25, who pay 15 yen
  national taxes about 1 of population.
• New Peerage created from old Daimyo and Samurai
  who helped the government
• Diet approve legislation, initiate laws, submit
  petitions to emperor
• Sovereignty resides with emperor

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Opening Ceremony of Japanese Diet
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Industrialization

• Japanese abroad to look at Western models
• Westerners hired to teach and set up modern
  factories
• Goal equal the West
• Mercantile basis import raw materials and export
  finished products
• Zaibatsu government and business work together
• Establishment of the Bank of Japan

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Textiles were Japans largest export industry
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Inside the Tomioka Silk Reeling Mill
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Road to Imperialism

• Conflict with China over Okinawan sailors
  attacked and killed in Taiwan (1873) first
  expedition of new military abroad
• Involvement in Korea
• Sino-Japanese war of 1894-95
• Triple Intervention return of Liaodong Peninsula
• Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905

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Ryukyu Islands Claimed by both China and Japan
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The French-built Matsushima, flagship

• of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the
  Sino-Japanese conflict

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Hall where Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed, 1895
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Ito Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang signers of Treaty
of Shimonoseki
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Triple intervention Russia, France, and Germany

• Force Japan to return the Liaotung peninsula to
  China Port Arthur (Lushun)

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Japanese troops landing in Korea during the
Russo-Japanese War
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Japanese troops take Port Arthur
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Japanese Destroyer
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Japanese gun crew
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Treaty of Portsmouth 1905

• Japan lease Liaotung Peninsula
• Receive south half of Sakhalin Island
• Return Manchuria to China
• Free hand in Korea (exchange for US free hand in
  Philippines)

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Annexation of Korea in 1910 as Japans second
colony

• Japan disbands the Korean army

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Japan officially makes Korea a colony the Korean
emperor accepts this in
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Yoshihito becomes Emperor Taisho (Great
righteousness) in 1912
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Taisho Emperor in Military uniform

• In Poor Health and did little
• Transfer of power to political parties from
  Oligarchy called Taisho Democracy

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Emperor Taisho leading troops
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Rise of Party Politics

• Political crisis leads to creation of
  conservative party Constitutional Association of
  Friends
• Seiyukai Party loses power in ensuing election.

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Japan in World War I

• Japan declares war on Germany
• Japan seizes German holding in China, and the
  Pacific Islands

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Japan gives the Twenty-one Demands to China

• China to agree to Japanese control over Qingdao
  and Manchuria
• China cease letting foreigners have territory
• Japan have control over Chinas foreign policy

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Japan launches Siberian Expedition with 75,000
troops

• Aim is to occupy Manchuria and Eastern Siberia
• Last of the allied troops to withdraw in 1925
• Many soldiers remain in Manchuria as railway
  guards

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The treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations

• Japan confirmed in holding ex-German possessions
  in Asia
• Protest demonstrations and riots triggered in
  China and Korea
• Japan joins the newly formed League of Nations

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League of Nations Headquarters in Switzerland

• Goals included disarmament
• end of warfare
• settling disputes with diplomacy and negotiation
• promoting global welfare

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Japan now a major player on the International
Scene

• Recognized as one of the big five
• Allowed to keep ex-German possessions in Pacific
  and China

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Prosperity and problems at home

• Taisho Democracy-two party political system comes
  of age
• Hara Takashi first commoner to become prime
  minister
• New election laws
• Government funded public works programs

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Growing domestic problems in the midst of
prosperity

• Inflation
• Influx of foreign ideas
• Tightly controlled economy
• Emerging labor movement
• Call for universal suffrage by students and
  others
• Assassination of Hara in 1921
• Passage of new election law in 1925

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Growing despotism in the government

• Peace Preservation Law passed in 1925
• Forbade conspiracy or revolt again Kokutai
  (National essence)
• Criminalized socialism and communism
• Stressed moral obligation to make sacrifices for
  the state
• Brutal suppression of the Communist Party
• Respond with assassination attempt on Crown
  Prince Hirohito

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Growth of Ultra nationalism and right-wing
politics

• Patriotic and intelligence-gathering
  organizations take active role in politics
• Foment pro war sentiments
• Support anti socialist and anti communist acts

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Kanto Earthquake on September 1, 1923

• Destroyed Yokohama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Shizuoka and
  Tokyo
• 105,385 people died
• 37,000 others missing
• 88 fires
• 570,000 homes destroyed
• 1.9 million homeless
• 1 billion US damage

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The Great Kanto Earthquake
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Hirohito The Showa Emperor 1926
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Growing Fascism in Japan Japanese Nationalism

• Emblem of the Imperial Navy and symbol of
  Japanese Nationalism

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The steps to War

• Ideology of Nationalism Kokutai
• Growth of Military and Naval power
• Government by assassination
• Expansion into Manchuria (Manchuguo)
• Leaving the League of Nations
• Concept of the Greater East Asian Co-prosperity
  Sphere

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War in China

• Japanese soldiers march into Nanjing

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Memorial to the Nanjing Massacre
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My favorite anti-war picture
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The War Continues China fights alone
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The War changes Pearl Harbor is bombed
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Southeast Asia falls prisoners build railways
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End of the War Bombs fall on Hiroshima

• Hiroshima bombed on August 6
• Russia declares war on Japan, August 8
• Nagasaki bombed, August 9
• Japan surrenders, August 14

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Japanese surrender
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Occupation sets seeds for Japanese economic
miracle

• General MacArthur
• Architect of the Occupation

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Japans Economic Miracle

• Educational and industrial infrastructure
• American aid
• 1947 American decision to create Japan as ally in
  Asia
• Japans non aggression constitution article 9
• Democracy, a new constitution
• Land reform

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Economic miracle continued

• Hard work
• Concentrating on consumer goods for export market
• Close government industry cooperation
• Negotiated sources of raw materials
• Protective legislation

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Japan today problems and stresses

• Falling birth rate
• Aging population
• Textbook controversy
• Rise of the tigers of Asia
• Economic problems
• Space and pollution

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Baseball in Japan

• Tokyo Big Six Baseball League Waseda University
  beats Keio University

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Sumo in Japan