Panel 4: Implementing Social Policy In India Wednesday, April 19th (1:30-2:45pm)

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Panel 4 Implementing Social Policy In India
Wednesday, April 19th (130-245pm)
13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
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13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
Panel 4 Implementing Social Policy In India
Indias Population An OverviewAnuradha Chagti
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INDIAS POPULATION AN OVERVIEW

• ANURADHA CHAGTI

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The Teeming Millions

• 1027 Million on 1st March 2001.
• Population multiplied by 5 times in the last
  century.
• Second most populous country in the world.
• Poised to cross Chinas population by 2045.

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History of Population Growth

• Although the birth rate in India has been falling
  since the 1960s, it was only during 1991-2001
  that it fell significantly faster than the death
  rate - so bringing about a clear reduction

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• India is now entering the second phase of the
  demographic transition.

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Population Characteristics

• The decadal growth rate of Indias population was
  21.3 in the last decade. Great variation among
  the states with Bihar recording the highest
  decadal growth rate of 28.4 and Kerala the
  lowest at 9.4.
• Uttar Pradesh continues to be the most populace
  state with a population of 166 million.
• The density of India is 324 persons per square.
  West Bengal has the highest density (904)
  followed by Bihar (880)

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Population Characteristics (cont)

• Sex ratio is 933. Kerala highest sex ratio (1058)
  and Haryana the lowest (861)
• The child sex ratio (0-6 age group) 927 in 2001.
  The sharpest decline has been in the richer
  northern states.
• The literacy rate for population seven years and
  over was 65.4 in 2001. Highest in Kerala 90.9
  and the lowest Bihar 47.5.
• For the first time since independence an absolute
  decline in the number of illiterate persons by
  32 million during the last decade.

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Is the Growth Sustainable?

• Questions are being raised about Indias ability
  to sustain such a large population especially in
  the realms of
• Health and education
• Food and water
• Environmental damage

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Government Initiatives

• Pre 1990s
• Dominated b demographic goals. Target oriented.
  Focused primarily on sterilization, largely
  obviating client choice and limiting availability
  to a narrow range of services.
• 1997 onwards
• Approach shifted to address health and family
  welfare. Focus on client choice, service quality,
  gender issues and underserved groups, including
  adolescents, post menopausal women and men

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Challenges

• Expanding services
• Informed Choices
• Access to quality care
• Training
• Monitoring and evaluation
• Message development

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Future Projections

• Prof Swaminathan
• TFR trends from 1971-96 for larger States, TFR
  of 2.1 for the country achievable only by 2026.
  Estimated population of 1,409 million in 2026 and
  stable level of 1,628 million by 2051.
• National Population Policy 2000 projections
• If the TFR of 2.1 by 2010 then 1,330 million in
  2026 and in 2046 reach a peak of 1,417 million.
• There is a 200-million difference almost as
  much as Indonesia's demographic size between
  the two levels of projected populations a clear
  indication of the need to take the task of
  population stabilization seriously

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Policy implications

• (i) Decentralized Planning and Program
  Implementation
• (ii) Convergence of Service Delivery at Village
  Levels
• (iii) Empowering Women for Improved Health and
  Nutrition
• (iv) Child Health and Survival
• (v) Meeting the Unmet Needs for Family Welfare
  Services
• (vi) Collaboration With and Commitments from
  Non-Government Organizations and the Private
  Sector

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• THANK YOU

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13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
Panel 4 Implementing Social Policy In India
The Evolution Of The Family Welfare Program In
IndiaTapan Ray
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Evolution of the family welfare program in India
Tapan Ray
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Evolution and Delivery ofFamily Welfare
Programme in India

• Tyranny of Targets The Fourth Plan (1966-74)
• Emergency excesses in the field of sterilizations
  (mid 70s)
• Voluntary sterilization camps re-started with the
  new technology of laparoscopic sterilization
  (1980s)
• 1992 Eighth Five Year Plan calls for review
  of targets
• 1994 Changes in the approach to Family Planning
  service delivery since ICPD
• 1996 Target Free Approach announced
• 1999 Community Needs Assessment Approach (CNAA)
• 2000 National Population Policy

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Evolution of Maternal and Child health programmes
in India
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Adverse Effects of a Population Control Programme

• Pressure for undergoing sterilization,
  undermining human rights
• Health repercussions of hastily done
  sterilization operations in makeshift camps
  infections, complications, failure rates,
  sometimes death
• Inadequate attention to safety-inadequate
  screening and follow-up
• Health services do not have provisions to deal
  with womens genuine health problems
• Poor quality of curative services

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International Conference on Population and
Development Cairo 1994

• Adoption of the Programme of Action on population
  and development for the next 20 years
• New strategy emphasized the linkages between
  population and development
• Focus on meeting the needs of individual women
  and men rather than on achieving demographic
  targets
• Empowering women and providing them with more
  choices through expanded access to education and
  health services promoting skill development and
  employment
• Importance of equity in gender relations
• Enhance access to appropriate information and
  services

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Attaining the Millennium Development Goals
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Infant Mortality in India

• Infant mortality rate (0-1 year) per 1,000 live
  births (UNICEF estimates)
• World 55
• Developed
• Regions6

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Source WHO
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Child Mortality in India

• Children under five mortality rate per 1,000 live
  births (UNICEF estimates)
• World 80
• Developed
• Regions7

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Maternal Mortality in India

• Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births
  (WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA)
• World 400
• Developed
• Regions14

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MDGs and the Tenth Plan Targets

• Goal 4 Reduce child mortality
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• Target 5 Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and
  2015, the under-five mortality rate

• Tenth Plan targets infant mortality rate (IMR) of
  45 per thousand live births by 2007 and 28 by
  2012

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MDGs and the Tenth Plan Targets

• Goal 5 Improve maternal health
• Target 6 Reduce the maternal mortality ratio by
  three-quarters between 1990 and 2015

• Tenth Plan targets reduction in the maternal
  mortality ratio from 4 in 1999-2000 to 2 per 1000
  live births in 2007 and 1 by 2012

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(No Transcript)
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Key Facts

• Decline in IMR but maternal mortality high
• Inter- and intra- state variations in levels
  and in rates of change (Kerala 14 Orissa 96)
• Clustering of deaths in a few states
• Gender disparity in infant mortality
• Maternal education and female literacy
• Strong inverse association with immunization
  coverage
• Ante-, neo-, and post-natal care improvements
  will help reduce IMR
• The MDGs CAN be attained

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Goals of NRHM

• Reduction in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and
  Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
• Universal access to public health services such
  as Womens health, child health, water,
  sanitation hygiene, immunization, and
  Nutrition.
• Prevention and control of communicable and
  non-communicable diseases, including locally
  endemic diseases
• Access to integrated comprehensive primary
  healthcare
• Population stabilization, gender and demographic
  balance.
• Revitalize local health traditions and mainstream
  AYUSH
• Promotion of healthy life styles

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What are the problems?

• Basic housekeeping is lacking in this sector
• Efficiency converting interventions to
  outcomes is poor
• Data systems are inadequate and needs to be
  strengthened in numerous dimensions including
  coverage and quality
• Proper alignment of incentives.

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How can this be done?

• Improve social service delivery. This is
  difficult since
• It is more difficult to standardize quality
  across services than products, as there is people
  to people interaction
• Quality of service can be intangible
• Intimate contact between service provider and
  service user
• Some of these concerns could be addressed through
  improving monitoring and evaluation.

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13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
Panel 4 Implementing Social Policy In India
Universalizing Education In IndiaManmeet Mehta
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Education Policy in India
Symposium on Development and Social Transformation

• Universalizing Elementary Education

Manmeet Mehta Spring 2006
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Scope Of The Presentation

• Background
• Education for All Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan
• Goals
• SSA A Critical Examination
• Design
• Financing
• Implementation
• Progress so far ( January 2006)
• Recommendations

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Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan Highlights

• Sector-wide, Umbrella Program
• Decentralized planning and implementation
  Mission Mode
• Context- specific interventions
• Partners DFID, UNICEF, World Bank,EC
• Elementary Education 68 share of total
  education expenditure in the Tenth Plan
• States Commitment
• Maintained at pre SSA 2000 levels
• 7525 from 2002-2007
• 5050 from 2007 onwards

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Background

• Multipartisan rhetoric
• World Education Forum, 2000
• From DPEP to SSA
• Access
• Equity
• Quality
• Policy shift
• National Level, Sector Wide Program
• Legislative Support
• Political Will

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SSA Objectives

• Increasing access
• Increasing Enrolment
• Improving transition rate
• Improving infrastructure
• Education Guarantee Scheme
• Improving equity
• Girls
• SC/ST
• Disabilities
• Improving quality
• Teacher training
• Pupil Teacher Ratio
• Context specific curriculum ( BRC CRC)
• Improvement in student performance

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Flow of Funds
Central Government
Ministry of HRD
State Govt. Treasury
State Implementation Society
District
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SSA Framework A Critical Glimpse

• Multiplicity of implementation agencies at the
  district level
• No fixed criterion for release of Finances from
  the Center
• 6 States (Sep 2005) lagged behind scheduled
  disbursements
• Staffing and training
• Inter-state variations in performance
• Is it really innovative enough?
• Infrastructure design
• For e.g. Classroom design

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Financial Framework

• Education Cess of 2 on Personal Income
• Investment by World Bank, DFID and EC
• No fixed criterion for release of funds by Center
• Sep 2005-State expenditure represented only 25
  of the total allocation.
• States Financial Commitment increases on a
  progressive basis
• Do they have the resources?
• Avoiding fund constraints

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Implementation

• Multiplicity of Implementation Agencies at the
  District Level
• Decentralized Planning
• Training for BRC and CRC staff critical
• Incorporating feedback
• Low level of awareness of procurement procedures
• State Absorptive capacity
• Transparency in operations
• Addressing innovation infrastructure, teacher
  training

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Progress so far Jan 2006

• Access
• As on November 2005, only 9.6 million children of
  6-14 years are out of school.
• As on March 2005, 187 million( out of 194 mn)
  children of 6-14 years are enrolled in schools,
  including alternative systems
• Infrastructure being increased ( but below target
  level)
• New Schools operationalized (92)
• Additional Classrooms ( 68)
• Toilets (70)
• Drinking Water facility (69)

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Progress so far Jan 2006

• Equity
• Share of girls in primary school enrolment is 47
  and for Upper primary stage, it is 45
• Share of SC in total enrolment in primary is
  21.3 and in upper primary, it is 19
• Share of ST in total enrolment is 10.3 in
  primary and 8.2 in upper primary stages.
•  Share of children with disabilities is 1.37 in
  primary and 0.96 in upper primary

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Progress so far Jan 2006

• Quality
• Assessment and Evaluation for setting benchmarks
  for student performance in Grade 3,5,7 and 8
• Technical deficiency
• 27 of teachers trained against sanctioned
• Over 95 of BRC and CRC sanctioned  becoming
  operational

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Recommendations

• Rationalizing the implementation structure
• Training BRC/CRC/ Teachers
• Accounting procedures strengthened
• Hand book, Training, Internal audit mechanism
• Tools for monitoring quality interventions
• Social Mapping
• Rajasthan Child Tracking System
• Progress leveraged on quantity and expanded scope
  of coverage
• The critical parameter Quality of Education and
  Schools

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13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
Panel 4 Implementing Social Policy In India
NGOs And Government Collaboration At The Cutting
EdgeChandan Sinha
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NGOs and Government in India

• Collaboration at the Cutting edge?
• by
• Chandan Sinha

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Two Questions

• Is collaboration among GOs and NGOs at the
  district level in India necessary and desirable
  for effective service delivery?
• If so, how may it be achieved?
• Focus India, District level, Service Delivery

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State-NGO Relationships Perspectives

• Competition a zero sum game
• Principal-agent relationship
• Exchange - NGOs as contractors
• NGOs as para-statal organizations
• Dangers of legitimizing the status quo
• Changing viewpoint
• Consultative
• Contractual
• Collegiate

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NGO-State relations in India

• Post-independence growth
• State as promoter
• Central Social Welfare Board
• Five Year Plans
• Rural Development, Social Welfare, Health,
  Environment

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District Level Scenario

• Each ploughs a lonely furrow
• Mutual suspicion and distrust
• Sporadic project based interaction
• Avoidance or interference/encroachment

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The Wages of Isolation

• Vulnerable populations sans services
• Duplication of development investment
• Poor provision of certain types of services
• Expensive and inefficient service delivery
• Wastage of scarce resources

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Is Collaboration Necessary? Or Desirable?

• To ensure coverage of vulnerable population
• To better utilize scarce resources
• To better employ each others strengths nullify
  weaknesses
• To enhance efficiency effectiveness of service
  delivery

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Collaboration What can Government Bring to it?

• A constructive policy framework
• Main source of NGO resources
• Replication, scaling up and mainstreaming of NGO
  innovations
• A critical role in developing capacity
• NGOs acquire legitimacy

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Collaboration What can NGOs Bring to it?

• Local knowledge
• Community development experience
• Experimentation innovation
• Operational flexibility
• Induce institutional reforms
• Advocacy - issues of social change

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Collaborative Relationships A Typology

• Primary
• Secondary
• Supplementary
• Complementary
• Partnership

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Role of the District Officer

• Establish Coordinating Committees at the district
  level
• Joint Action Committees re specific projects
• Develop standardized formats for agreement
• System of periodic meetings
• Maintaining databases

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Role of State Government

• Issue policy guidelines for the establishment of
  formal mechanisms

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Thank you!
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13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
Panel 4 Implementing Social Policy In
India Wednesday, April 19th (130-245pm)
Anuradha Chagti Indias Population An Overview
Tapan Ray The Evolution Of The Family Welfare Program In India
Manmeet Mehta Chandan Sinha Universalizing Education In India NGOs And Government Collaboration At The Cutting Edge