The Enjoyment of Music 10th Shorter Edition

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The Enjoyment of Music 10th Shorter Edition
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Unit VIII Instrumental Music of the Baroque
Vivaldi
J.S. Bach
Handel
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25. The Baroque Sonata and Concerto

• The Rise of Instrumental Music
• Early- vs. late-Baroque instrumentation

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Baroque Instruments

• Instrument designs were improved
• Finest violins in history came from shops of
• Stradivarius
• Guarneri
• Amati

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The Baroque Orchestra

• Violin strings made of gut
• Woodwinds made of wood
• Horns and trumpets valveless, called natural
• Timpani

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Baroque Keyboard Instruments

• Organ
• Harpsichord
• Clavichord

harpsichord
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Sonata Types

• Sonata da camera
• Sonata da chiesa

• Written for 18 instruments
• Favored combination two violins and continuo
• Trio sonata

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Baroque Concerto

• Contrast and unity
• Latin concertare (to contend with)
• Opposition of different forces

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Concerto Grosso Concertino Ripieno, or tutti
Two Types of Concerto
Solo Concerto
Vivaldi Concerto for Piccolo in C, I
Handel Concerto Grosso in G, II
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Antonio Vivaldi (16781741)

• Italian violinist and composer
• The red priest
• Conservatorio delOspedale della Pietà (Venice)
• Prolific composer

Above all, he was possessed by music.
Marc Pincherle
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Vivaldi The Four Seasons (Le quattro stagioni)
(Listening Guide)

• Group of four violin concertos
• Each concerto accompanied by a poem
• Music depicts specific lines of the poem
• No. 1 Spring (La primavera)
• No. 2 Summer (Lestate)
• No. 3 Autumn (Lautunno)
• No. 4 Winter (Linverno)

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Vivaldi The Four Seasons (Le quattro stagioni)
(Listening Guide)

• Spring (La primavera)
• Solo violin, string orchestra, continuo
• Three movements
• I Evokes animals and nature
• Ritornello form
• II Largo in triple meter
• Imagery form a sleeping goatherds poem
• Ostinato dog bark in violas
• III Rustic dance, drone of bagpipes

Listening Guide PDF
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The Enjoyment of Music 10th Shorter Edition
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26. The Baroque Suite

• Suite Each movement is A-A-B-B
• Allemande
• Courante
• Sarabande
• Gigue (jig)
• Other optional dances minuet, gavotte, bourrée,
  passepied
• Repeated sections ornamented second time

Corelli. Violin Sonata, Gigue
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Handel and the Orchestral SuiteTwo notable
suites by Handel

• Water Music
• Music for the Royal Fireworks

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Water Music, Suite in D major, II (Listening
Guide)

• Royal party on the Thames River in London, July
  17, 1717
• 22 numbers
• Performed without continuo
• Divided into three suites

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Water Music, Suite in D major, II (Listening
Guide)

• D-major Suite
• Opens with fanfare-like theme in trumpets
• Answered by horns and strings
• Followed by lively hornpipe (dance)

Listening Guide PDF
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Music at the French Royal Court

• Grand entertainments of Louis XIV and Louis XV
• Court composer Jean-Baptiste Lully
• Composer at the Palace of Versailles (outside
  Paris)
• Director of the 24 Violons du Roy

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Jean-Joseph Mouret (1682-1738)

• Theatrical composer at the court in Paris
• Stage works
• Divertissements
• Instrumental suites
• Suite de symphonies

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Mouret Rondeau, from Suite de symphonies
(Listening Guide)

• Written for a full Baroque orchestra
• Familiar fanfare
• used as theme music for television show
• 5-part rondo structure (A-B-A-C-A)
• A section serves as a refrain
• Regular phrasing, with a strong, even beat

Listening Guide PDF
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The Enjoyment of Music 10th Shorter Edition
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27. Other Instrumental Forms

• Passacaglia
• Chaconne
• French overture
• Italian overture

Purcell Come, ye sons of art away
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Keyboard forms

• Two basic types
• (1) Based on harmony with strong element of
  improvisation
• Prelude
• Chorale prelude
• (2) Stricter forms based on counterpoint
• Fugue

Bach The Well-Tempered Clavier
Bach Jesu, Joy of Mans Desiring
Bach Fugue in D
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The Fugue and Its Devices

• Fuga
• Contrapuntal, based on imitation
• Subject unifies the work
• Choral or instrumental
• Melodic lines are referred to as voices

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Episodes are interludes between subject
statements

• Modulation to foreign keys
• Use of contrapuntal devices
• Use of stretto is common
• Piece ends in tonic key

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Contrapuntal Devices
Original Inversion
Retrograde Retrograde inversion
Augmentation Diminution
MELODY
MELODY
MELODY
MELODY
MELODY
MELODY
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Form Opening of Exposition
Fugue Exposition (4 voice)
Subject
Countersubject I
Countersubject 2

Contrapuntal line
Countersubject 2

Answer
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Form Exposition and Episode
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Bach's Contrapunctus I, from The Art of Fugue
(Listening Guide) Listening Guide PDF

• 4-voice fugue
• Exposition
• Subject is presented in order alto-soprano-bass-t
  enor
• Episode
• Subject appears partially, in stretto
• Incorporates musical symbolism
• His name in notes Bb-A-C-H

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Transition II To the Age of Enlightenment

• Rococo, in France
• Empfindsamkeit, in Germany

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The Rococo and the Age of Sensibility

• Rococo
• French rocaille, a shell
• Reaction against Baroque style
• François Couperin (16681733)
• Precursor to Age of Enlightenment
• Systematization of knowledge
• Jean-Philippe Rameau (16831784),
• Treatise on Harmony (1722) 

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Age of Sensibility

• In Germany Empfindsamkeit
• Sons of Bach
• Wilhelm Friedmann
• Carl Philipp Emanuel
• Johann Christoph
• Johann Christian

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Expanded forms

• Pre-Classical period (c. 172575)
• Classical multimovement cycle

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The Changing Opera

• Satirization of Opera
• London John Gays The Beggars Opera (1728)
• Paris Giovanni Battista Pergolesis La serva
  padrona (1752)
• War of the Buffoons

John Gay
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Gluck and Opera Reform

• Christoph Willibald Gluck (17141787)
• German-born, Italian-trained
• Changed conventions
• Words are master to the music
• Simplicity, truth, naturalness

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