Ch. 7 Vocabulary Immigrants and Urbanization

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Ch. 7 VocabularyImmigrants and Urbanization

• USH

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Ellis Island

• Immigration station in New York Harbor, where
  immigrants from Europe entered the U.S.

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Angel Island

• Immigrants arriving on the West Coast gained
  admission at this immigration station, based in
  San Francisco Bay.

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Melting pot

• a mixture of people of different cultures and
  races who blended together by abandoning their
  native languages and customs.

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Nativism

• overt favoritism toward native-born Americans.

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Chinese Exclusion Act

• banned entry to all Chinese, with a few
  exceptions.

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Gentlemens Agreement

• agreement between the U.S. and Japan to limit
  emigration of unskilled workers to the U.S. in
  exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco
  segregation order.

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Urbanization

• growth of cities.

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Americanization Movement

• A social campaign designed to assimilated people
  of wide ranging cultures into the dominant
  culture

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Tenement

• multifamily urban dwellings.

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Mass transit

• transportation systems designed to move large
  numbers of people along fixed routes.

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Social Gospel Movement

• reform program that preached salvation through
  service to the poor.

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Settlement house

• community centers in slum neighborhoods that
  provided assistance.

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Jane Adams

• One of the most influential members of the
  movement to help the poor. Founded Chicagos
  Hull House.

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Political Machine

• An organized group that controlled the
  activities of a political party in a city, it
  also offered services to voters and businesses in
  exchange for political or financial support.

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Graft

• the illegal use of political influence for
  personal gain.

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Boss Tweed

• Head of Tammany Hall New York citys powerful
  Democratic political machine, in 1868. He led a
  ring of corrupt politicians in defrauding the
  city.

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Patronage

• the giving of government jobs to people who had
  helped a candidate get elected.

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Civil Service

• jobs in government administration.

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Rutherford B. Hayes

• President tried to reform the government of
  corruption by bringing in independents.

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James A. Garfield

• President who was assassinated by someone who was
  angered by his reforms.

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Chester A. Arthur

• President who turned reformer even though he was
  chosen because he supported Stalwarts (people who
  wanted the political machines to remain in
  place).

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Pendleton Civil Service Act

• a law that authorized a bipartisan civil
  service commission to made appointments to
  federal jobs through a merit system based on
  candidates performance on an examination. A
  negative consequence was that politicians
  alliance with big business became stronger.

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Grover Cleveland

• First Democratic president who tried to lower
  tariff rates but Congress refused to support him.

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Benjamin Harrison

• President whose campaign was financed by large
  companies and raised tariffs (import taxes)
  higher than ever.