Title: DR A.MALIK
1DR A.MALIK
- Emergency First Aid
- and CPR
2FIRST AID PROCEDURES COVERED
- Bleeding/Shock/Minor injuries
- Burn Care
- Neck and Back Injuries
- Heat Exhaustion/Heat Stroke
- Hypothermia/Frost Bite
- Severe Allergic Reactions
- Bites and Stings
- Faints/
3BLEEDING
- Apply direct pressure to the wound (at this time
a direct pressure bandage may be used) - Elevate (do not further harm)
- Pressure Point additional pressure may be
applied to a pressure point to help reduce
bleeding.
4CARE FOR SHOCK
- Keep the victim laying down (if possible).
- Elevate legs 10-12 inches unless you suspect a
spinal injury or broken bones. - Cover the victim to maintain body temperature.
- Provide the victim with plenty of fresh air.
- If victim begins to vomit - place them on their
left side. - Approach for medical help
5FIRST AID FOR SPRAINS AND STRAINSI-C-E
- I - Ice, apply a cold pack. Do not apply ice
directly to skin. - C - Compress, use an elastic or conforming wrap -
not too tight. - E - Elevate, above heart level to control
internal bleeding.
6CARE FOR DISLOCATIONS AND FRACTURESI-A-C-T
- I - Immobilize area. Use pillows, jackets,
blankets, etc. Stop any movement by supporting
injured area. - A - Activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS),
call 102. - C - Care for shock. See Care for Shock slide.
- T - Treat any additional secondary injuries.
7BURNS
- First Degree Burn
- Second Degree Burn
- Third Degree Burn
8First Degree Burn
- brief exposure to heat
- skin is intact, but red and the burned area is
painful. - Sunburn
Figure An area of first degree burn surrounding
a second degree burn
First Aid immerse or run the burned area under
cold water. dont use ice
Apply moist dressings and bandage
loosely
9Second Degree Burn
- 1.prolonged exposure to heat or very high
temperatures - 2. skin may be intact or it may appear to be
partially peeling. - 3. Any burn with blisters is second degree
- 4. very painful
- First Aid If the skin is intact (not peeling)
then run the burned area under cold water - dont use ice, Do not try to burst the blisters.
- Apply dry dressings and bandage loosely
-
10Third Degree Burn
- 1. Deepest
- 2. look white or charred,extend through all skin
layers - 3. May have severe pain -- or no pain at all --
if the nerve endings are destroyed
Figure 3 A third degree burn.
11Third Degree BurnContd.
- 4. Third degree burns can go into shock earlier
- 5. notorious for getting infected
- 6. Cover the area in a clean, dry dressing
-
Figure 3 A third degree burn.
121.Non Poisonous Snakes2. Poisonous Snakes
SNAKE BITE-
13Non Poisonous SnakesDo not have fangs with
which to inject venom.
SNAKE BITE
14Poisonous snakes have fangs to inject
venom.
SNAKE BITE Poisonous Snakes
15SNAKE BITE-
Tissues
Venom
Absorbed
into the lymphatic system
network of tubes that drains fluid (lymph) from
the bodys tissues and empties it back into the
bloodstream
Rarely venom reaches blood stream
16SNAKE BITE
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- puncture marks, or parallel scratches on the
skin - rarely any pain - anxiety
- pale, cool skin with progressive onset of
sweating - rapid, weak pulse
- rapid, shallow breathing
- blurred vision, drooping eyelids
- difficulty swallowing and speaking
- abdominal pain
- nausea and/or vomiting
- collapse - progressing to a comatose state
17SNAKE BITE
FIRST AID TREATMENT
pressure immobilization bandage
This bandage is applied as firmly as bandaging a
sprained ankle, and is designed to slow the
movement of venom through the lymphatic system.
Bandaging the wound firmly tends to compress the
lymph vessels, which helps to slow or prevent the
venom from leaving the bite site.
18 SNAKE BITE
FIRST AID TREATMENT CONTD.
- reassure
- complete rest
- apply direct pressure over the bitten area
- obtain a history
- immobilize the limb with a splint
- avoid elevating the limb
- DO NOT use an arterial tourniquet
- DO NOT remove the bandage and splint once it has
been applied
19SNAKE BITE
What is venom?Venom is a poison that one animal
injects into another. In snakes, venom is
modified saliva. A snake injects poison by
biting. Venom is at least 90 protein and most of
the protein are enzymes.
What is anti-venom? Snake bites are effectively
treated by anti-venom. Venom is first extracted
from the snake. Minute quantities of this venom
are then injected into a large animal like a
horse, and the quantity increased slowly until
the animal develops antibodies to the venom. Its
blood is extracted and the antibodies
concentrated and freeze dried for storage.
20Environmental Conditions
- DEHYDRATION
- HEAT CRAMPS
- HEAT EXHAUSTION
- HEAT STROKE
- EXPOSURE TO COLD
21Dehydration
- Dehydration is a condition caused by the
casualtys loss of fluids from perspiration and
prolonged exposure to heat and humidity. When the
casualtys fluid loss exceeds his or her input
through drinking, dehydration occurs and the
blood volume lessens. A prolonged period of
dehydration will lead to shock
22Dehydration
- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- pale, cool, clammy skin
- rapid breathing
- profuse and prolonged sweating
- thirst
- loss of skin elasticity (pinch test on back of
hand) - sunken eyes in children
- CARE AND TREATMENT
- complete rest in the shade remove unnecessary
clothing - give cool water to drink, ORS
- ensure casualty has assistance when recovered
23Heat Illness
- Predisposing Factors
- Physical activity
- Extremes of age, poor physical condition, fatigue
- Excessive clothing
- Dehydration
- Cardiovascular disease
- Skin disorders
- Obesity
- Drugs
- Phenothiazines, anticholinergics, B and Ca
channel blockers, diuretics, amphetamines, LSD,
cocaine, MAOIs
24Heat Stroke
Condition occurs suddenly can cause
unconsciousness in minutes
- It is due to failure of thermostat in the
brain - The body rapidly becomes dangerously
- Overheated (gt40 degrees) either due to
- Prolonged exposure to very hot surroundings or
illness involving very - High fever
25Heat Stroke
- SYMPTOMS
- Hot, Flushed Dry skin
- Headache,Dizziness,
- Confusion/restlessness
- Altered LOC
- And elevated temperature
- Body temp gt40 deg C (gt105 degrees F)
- Syncope
- History is critical
- TREATMENT
- Cool place
- Tub of cold water/cold water
- bath or wrap in cold wet sheet
- Cool until 38deg C(100.4 deg F)
- If becomes unconscious start
- resuscitation shift to the
- hospital
26Frost Bite
- SYMPTOMS
- Caused by freezing conditions which cut off
circulation, usually in extremities (hands, feet,
ears, nose), which may be permanently affected.
Frost-bitten areas are cold, pale or
marbled-looking, solid to the touch, and painless
(until circulation is restored).
- TREATMENT
- Giving warm drinks, and covering with
- blankets. Warm the injured part with body
- heat only-put a hand under an armpit,
- for example. Do not rub the skin or apply
- direct heat to the injured area.
27Muscle cramps
- SYMPTOMS
- Caused by over-stretching muscles, or by
abnormal muscle contraction. They may also be
associated with loss of fluid due to excessive
sweating. Characterized by pain, tenderness,
loss of power and stiffening or spasms of the
muscles.
- TREATMENT
- Rest, application of an ice pack, then subsequent
gentle stretching. - DO NOT massage the affected muscles.
28 Chest cramps (or stitches)
- SYMPTOMS
- Usually caused by cramps of the intercostals
muscles between the ribs - Brought on by exertion, chest cramps are
identified by sharp, spasmodic pain in the chest,
difficulty in standing upright, and gasping
respirations.
- TREATMENT
- A Stitch will disappear with rest and
concentration on deep breathing.
29Tennis elbow
- SYMPTOMS
- This injury is due to a strain of the tendons
and muscles associated with the elbow. Severe
cases also involve the ligaments. It is usually a
chronic condition, and presents when the elbow is
over-used or over-stretched. pain over the bone
on the outer side of the joint that becomes more
severe on movement.
- TREATMENT
- Apply Ice pack and support in a sling
-
30Shin splints
- SYMPTOMS
- This injury is due to a strain of the long
flexor muscle of the toes, characterized by pain
along the shinbone. This is an injury common to
track athletes and footballers.
- FIRST AID
- rest, application of an ice pack, and elevation
of the limb. -
31FRACTURES-TYPES
- Closed - where the bone has fractured but has no
obvious external wound. - Open - where there is a wound leading to the
fracture site or the bone is protruding from the
skin. - Complicated - which may involve damage to
associated vital organs and major blood vessels
as a result of the fracture.
32SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURES
- pale, cool, clammy skin
- rapid, weak pulse
- pain at the site
- tenderness
- loss of power to limb
- Associated wound and blood loss
- Deformity
33FRACTURES-FIRST AID
- The basic aim of management for fractured
limbs is to immobilization. Immobilization helps
reduce movement and the pain associated with
fractures. Immobilize the limb with a natural
splint
34arm sling
Fractured Forearm
- check for pulse to the end part of the limb
- treat any wounds
- pad bony prominences
- apply adequate splint
- secure above and below fracture, secure wrist
- elevate injury with arm sling
35SLINGS
- Slings are used to support an injured arm.
- Generally, the sling is made with a triangular
bandage. - Any material, e.g.. tie, belt, or piece of
thick rope, can be used in an emergency. If no
likely material is at hand, an injured arm can be
adequately supported by inserting it inside the
casualtys shirt
36ARM SLING
- Support the injured forearm approximately
parallel to the ground with the wrist slightly
higher than the elbow - Place an opened triangular bandage between the
body and the arm, with its apex towards the elbow - Extend the upper point of the bandage over the
shoulder on the uninjured side - Bring the lower point up over the arm, across the
shoulder on the injured side to join the upper
point and tie firmly with a knot - Ensure the elbow is secured by folding the excess
bandage over the elbow and securing with a safety
pin
37First Aid training.
38CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION CPR ABCs
- AIRWAY - Open the airway with the tilt-chin
method. - Breath - give two breaths.
- Check circulation.
- If there is no pulse or breathing..(next slide)
39CPR Continued
- Perform chest compressions.
- 15 compressions and two breaths.
- Count 1234515
- Call 102.
40RESCUE BREATHING
- 1 breath every 5 seconds - 12 per minute.
- Compressions ventilations 152
41Why should I do CPR?
- CPR provides some circulation of oxygen-rich
blood to the victim's heart and brain. - This circulation delays both brain death and the
death of the heart muscle. - CPR buys some time until the AED can arrive, and
it also makes the heart more likely to respond to
defibrillation.
42Unconscious but breathing normally
- Turn casualty into the recovery position
- Check for continued breathing
43Sudden Cardiac Arrest
- Sudden cardiac arrest simply means that the heart
unexpectedly and abruptly stops beating. - This is usually caused by an abnormal heart
rhythm called V.F.
44Rhythms in Cardiac Arrest
- Ventricular Fibrillation.
- (Chaotic rhythm)
- Pulseless Ventrcular Tachycardia.
- (Very fast rhythm with no pulse)
- Asystole
- (No electrical activity)
- P.E.A. / E.M.D.
- (Electrical activity, no pulse
45Ventricular Fibrillation
VF
45
46Ventricular Fibrillation
- Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is an abnormal
heart rhythm often seen in sudden cardiac arrest. - This rhythm is caused by an abnormal and very
fast electrical activity in the heart. - VF is chaotic and unorganized the heart just
quivers and cannot effectively pump blood.
47Ventricular Fibrillation
- VF will be short lived and will deteriorate to
asystole (a flat line) if not treated promptly. - For each minute that VF persists, the likelihood
of successful resuscitation decreases by
approximately 10 percent.
48Head injuries can easily mislead the first aid
provider by not exhibiting the expected signs and
symptoms immediately after the incident.
Head Injuries
49casualty has appeared unaffected after the
incident only to collapse with life-threatening
symptoms some hours later.This may be due to a
small bleed in the brain that eventually
increases and applies excessive pressure on the
brain tissue.
Head Injuries
50Head Injuries
51Head Injuries-SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
- Head wounds
- deformation and/or crepitus of the skull
- altered level of consciousness
- evidence of CSF leaking from ears or nose
- may have unequal pupils
- Headache
- Black Eyes
- nausea and/or vomiting
- restlessness and irritability, confusion
- blurred or double vision
- snoring respirations if unconscious
52(No Transcript)
53EMERGENCY FIRST AID
- If you are the first on the scene of accident
that results in an injury or serious illness, you
may be the only link between a victim and
emergency medical care. Your role is to take
action, whether by providing first aid, seeking
medical help or calling 102. Your actions may
improve the victims chance of recovery. - The following slides will provide specific
information on basic first aid procedures.
54Heat Illness
- Predisposing Factors
- Physical activity
- Extremes of age, poor physical condition, fatigue
- Excessive clothing
- Dehydration
- Cardiovascular disease
- Skin disorders
- Obesity
- Drugs
- Phenothiazines, anticholinergics, B and Ca
channel blockers, diuretics, amphetamines, LSD,
cocaine, MAOIs
55THE ENDHEALTH CENTRECFCL GADEPAN
56HEAT STROKE Human Heat Balance Equation
- MR-C-CV-E-S
- Basic equation can be used for any adjustment in
relation to - existing Environmental condition to keep body in
thermo neutral - in that particular environment
HEAT Evaporative cooling will be more COLD
Process of conserving heat from conductive,
radiative convective heat will be more
so that the body will remain in
thermo-neutral e.g. it will neither
gain or loss heat irrespective of
environment heat or cold change.