Social support

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Social support

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Main content
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1?Measurement scales

• 1?the Structural-Functional Social Support Scale
  (SFSS). ??????????
• 2?the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social
  Support (MSPSS) ??????????
• 3?the Social Support Personal Resource
  Questionnaire (PRQ85) part 2, ??????
• 4?Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS). ????????

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• 5?the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List
  (ISEL)???????
• 6?Social Support Rating Scale, SSRS??????
• 7?the ENRICHD Social Support Instrument (ESSI)
• 8?the Perceived Social Support From Family Scale
• 9?the Social Support Questionnaire

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• 10?the Social Provisions Scale
• 11?Religious Support Scale, ??????
• 12?Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire
• 13?Informational Support Questionnaire

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The Structural-Functional Social Support Scale
(SFSS)??????????

• It has been developed especially for measuring
  disease-specific social networks and social
  support received by people having a serious
  somatic disorder or chronic disease(for exa-mple
  cancer).
• In the questionnaire, the participants were
  asked to evaluate their received and needed
  support at the work place or from the
  occupational health services

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• The SFSS focuses on three aspects of social
  relationships
• (1) the existence and number of cancer-
  specific sources of social support,
• (2) the amount of support received from these
  sources,
• (3) whether this support corresponds to the
  expectations of the patient.

Taina Taskila.Marja-Liisa Lindbohm.Rami
Martikainen et al. Cancer survivors received and
needed social support from their work place and
the occupational health services J. Support
Care Cancer ,2006( 14) 427435
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the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social
Support (MSPSS) ??????????

• The MSPSS provides assessment of three sources
  of support family (FA), friends (FR), and
  significant other (SO).
• 1? It is short (12 items in total) and is ideal
• for (a) research that requires assessment of
  multiple variables and (b) populations which, for
  one reason or another, cannot tolerate a long
  questionnaire

Sheung-Tak Cheng. The multidimensional
scale of perceived social support dimensionality
and age and gender differences in adolescents
2004. www.elsevier.com/locate/paid
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• 2? MSPSS items are easy to understand
  (requiring just fourth grade reading level) and
  are therefore suitable for young populations or
  populations with limited literacy level.
• 3? Despite being a brief instrument, MSPSS
  measures support from three sources, and in
  particular, the SO(such as boyfriend?girlfriend,
  teacher and counselor)subscales rather unique
  among measures in the field.

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• Family subscale
• 3. My family really tries to help me
• 4. I get the emotional help and support I
  need from my family
• 8. I can talk about my problems with my
  family
• 11. My family is willing to help me make
  decisions
• Friends subscale
• 6. My friends really try to help me
• 7. I can count on my friends when things go
  wrong
• 9. I have friends with whom I can share my
  joys and sorrows
• 12. I can talk about my problems with my
  friends
• Significant other subscale
• 1. There is a special person who is around
  when I am in need
• 2. There is a special person with whom I can
  share my joys and sorrows
• 5. I have a special person who is a real
  source of comfort to me
• 10. There is a special person in my life who
  cares about my feelings

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the Social Support Personal Resource
Questionnaire (PRQ85) part 2, ??????

• 1?This scale is based on Weisss social support
  model, which consider the individuals good
  health needs are achieved through specific social
  relations
• 2? The social support including five aspects,
  that is
• Attachment/Intimacy AI?
• Social Integration SI?
• Opportunity for nurturance ON)?
• Reassurance of worth RW)?
• Availability of assistance AA?

Weinert C.Measuring social supportrevision
and further development of the Personal Resources
questionnaire.Measurement of nursing outcomes
J.New York Springer Publishing,1988,1309-319
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2?type
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• Emotional support
• involves verbal and nonverbal
  communic-ation of caring and concern and is
  believed to reduce distress by restoring
  self-esteem and permitting the expression of
  feelings.

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• Instrumental or practical support
• involves direct assistance with household
  tasks and provision of material goods
  transportation, money, physical assistance, and
  it may also help decrease feelings of loss of
  control

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• Informational support
• which involves the provision of
  information used to guide or advise, is believed
  to enhance perceptions of control by reducing
  confusion and providing patients with strategies
  to cope with their difficulties.

Taina Taskila.Marja-Liisa Lindbohm.Rami
Martikainen et al. Cancer survivors received and
needed social support from their work place and
the occupational health services J. Support
Care Cancer ,2006( 14) 427435
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3?Research of social support and related concept
adjustment
Social support
survival
Quality of life
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• Cicero V . point out that perceived support
  from friends may predict the patient's tendency
  to consider cancer as a challenge and to take an
  active role in therapy and recovery, whereas
  social support from family was not predictive of
  various states of adjustment to cancer.
• Shelby RA point out that women with high
  levels of social support experienced better
  adjustment even when optimism was low. In
  contrast, among women with high levels of
  optimism, increasing social support did not
  provide an added benefit .

1?Cicero V, Lo Coco G, Gullo S . The role of
attachment dimensions and perceived social
support in predicting adjustment to cancer.
Psychooncology. 2009 Feb 4. 2?Shelby RA, Crespin
TR, Wells-Di Gregorio SM, . Et al. Optimism,
social support, and adjustment in African
American women with breast cancer . J Behav Med.
2008 Oct31(5)433-44.
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• Higher social support scores were
  significantly associated with higher scores in
  speech , aesthetics ,social disruption and
  general mental health and with fewer depressive
  symptoms but not with general physical health or
  eating

Karnell LH, Christensen AJ, Rosenthal EL .et al.
Influence of social support on health-related
quality of life outcomes in head and neck cancer
. Head Neck. 2007 Feb29(2)143-6.
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• For patients with AML, higher levels of available
  social support predicted better survival. Within
  social support, the availability of instrumental
  support showed more consistent associations with
  2-year survival than the availability of
  emotional support.

Pinquart M, Höffken K, Silbereisen RK.et al.
Social support and survival in patients with
acute myeloid leukemia J. Support Care Cancer.
2007 Jan15(1)81-7
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4?Influencing factors
treatment
demographic factors
time
religious beliefs
country
gender
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• Religious beliefs may not directly affect
  self-efficacy and adjustment however, cancer
  patients who have religious beliefs may
  experience an enhanced sense of social support
  from a community with whom they share those
  beliefs.

Howsepian BA, Merluzzi TV. Religious
beliefs, social support, self-efficacy and
adjustment to cancer J. Psychooncology. 2009
Feb 2.
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• women are more likely to seek and utilize
  support by comparison to men. Whereas women
  expected staff to provide informat- ion and
  emotional support, men felt that emotional
  support from staff was inappropriate and
  perceived information as supportive in helping
  them deal with their emotions..

Clarke SA, Booth L, Velikova G. et al. Social
support gender differences in cancer patients in
the United Kingdom Cancer Nurs. 2006
Jan-Feb29(1)66-72.
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• Methods Cross-cultural studies
• Sample Age-matched samples of 135 BCSs from
  Norway and 148 from Finland were examined
• Result Finnish compared to Norwegian BCSs
  reported significantly less received social
  support from supervisors, while they received
  significantly more social support from
  occupational health service (OHS) .

Gudbergsson SB, Fosså SD, Lindbohm ML,et al.
Received and needed social support at the
workplace in Norwegian and Finnish stage 1 breast
cancer survivors a study from the Nordic Study
Group of Cancer and Work (NOCWO)J. Acta Oncol.
200948(1)67-75.
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• The men who had lymphoma, had received
  chemotherapy, or had low education level needed
  more support. The need for practical support from
  the occupational health personnel was fivefold
  between the chemotherapy-treated and those not
  treated.

Taina Taskila.Marja-Liisa Lindbohm.Rami
Martikainen et al. Cancer survivors received and
needed social support from their work place and
the occupational health services J. Support
Care Cancer ,2006( 14) 427435
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• Unemployment, low level of education and
  single/divorced/widowed status were related to
  greater use of cognitive defense. Though these
  patients are most in need of professional
  support. women who used a defensive hostile style
  tended to receive poor social support.

Drageset S, Lindstrøm TC. Coping with a possible
breast cancer diagnosis demographic factors and
social support .J, J Adv Nurs. 2005
Aug51(3)217-26.
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• Schroevers MJ
• 1?sample206 long-term cancer survivors
• 2?methods This longitudinal study(3 months and 8
  years after diagnosis )
• 3?toolsSocial Support List (SSL) ?the Silver
  Lining Questionnaire (SLQ)
• 4?resultsThe findings suggest that getting
  support from family and friends in the period
  following diagnosis is an important resource that
  may help cancer survivors to find positive
  meaning in the cancer experience.

Schroevers MJ, Helgeson VS, Sanderman R. Type of
social support matters for prediction of
posttraumatic growth among cancer survivors J,
Psychooncology. 2009 Feb 27
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