Animal Body Plans

1
Animal Body Plans
2
Major Body Plan Characteristics of Animals

• Symmetry
• Primary Germ Layers
• Gut Organization
• Body Cavity
• Segmentation
• Skeletal Systems
• Circulatory Systems
• Appendages
• Coloniality

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Symmetry

• Asymmetry
• Radial Symmetry
• Bilateral Symmetry

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Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry
Radial Symmetry
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Radial Symmetry
JellyfishPhylum Cnidaria
6
Pentamerous Radial Symmetry
Sea StarsPhylum Echinodermata
7
Bilateral Symmetry
SlugPhylum Mollusca
8
Bilateral Symmetry
SquidPhylum Mollusca
9
Primary Germ Layers
Mesoderm

• None
• Diploblastic
• Triploblast

gut
Ectoderm
Endoderm
10
Fates of the Primary Germ Layers

• Ectoderm
• hair, nails, epidermis, brain, nerves
• Mesoderm
• notochord (in chordates), dermis, blood vessels,
  heart, bones, cartilage, muscle
• Endoderm
• internal lining of the gut and respiratory
  pathways, liver, pancreas

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The Formation of Primary Germ Layers
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The Formation of Primary Germ Layers
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Germ Layer Patterns
Endoderm
Diploblastic
gut
Ectoderm
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Diploblastic- two germ layers
Phylum Cnidaria
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Germ Layer Patterns
Mesoderm
Triploblastic 3 germ layers
gut
Ectoderm
Endoderm
acoelomate
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Gut Organization

• No Gut
• Blind Sac Gut
• Complete Gut

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No Gut
SpongesPhylum Porifera
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No Gut
SpongesPhylum Porifera
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Blind Sac Gut
Phylum Cnidaria
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Complete Gut
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Body Cavities

• Acoelomate
• Eucoelomate
• Pseudocoelomate

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Body Cavities
Mesoderm
Acoelomate- lacks cavity between gut and outer
body wall
gut
Ectoderm
Endoderm
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Body Cavities
coelom
Mesoderm
Eucoelomate- body cavity completely lined with
mesoderm
Ectoderm
Endoderm
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Body Cavities
pseudocoelom
Mesoderm
Pseudocoelomate body cavity partially lined with
mesoderm
Endoderm
Ectoderm
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Advantages of aFluid-Filled Body Cavity

• hydrostatic skeleton
• greater freedom for internal organs
• greater body size because of body fluid
  circulation

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Segmentation
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Segmentation
CentipedePhylum Arthropoda
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Segmentation
LobsterPhylum Arthropoda
Cephalothorax
Antennae (sensory reception)
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
Mouthparts (feeding)
Swimming Appendages
Pincers (defense)
Walking legs
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Skeleton
30
Functions of the Skeleton

• supports basic body form
• protection of soft internal tissues and organs
• facilitates locomotion

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Skeleton

• Hydrostatic Skeletons
• Hard Skeletons
• Exoskeletons
• Endoskeletons

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Hydrostatic Skeleton
Sea AnemonePhylum Cnidaria
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• Hydrostatic Skeleton
• A non compressible fluid held under pressure in a
  closed body compartment.
• Uses antagonistic muscles for movement.
• The gastrovascular cavity of the jellyfish acts
  as hydrostatic skeleton against which contractile
  cells can work.

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Hydrostatic Skeleton
EarthwormPhylum Annelida
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Exoskeleton
ChitonPhylum Mollusca
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Exoskeleton
Stony CoralPhylum Cnidaria
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Endoskeletons
Vertebrates Phylum Chordata
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Types of Appendages
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Functions of Appendages

• locomotion
• feeding
• sensory
• protection

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Tentacles
Sea AnemonePhylum Cnidaria
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Jointed Appendages
Bee Appendages Phylum Arthropoda
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Circulatory Systems
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Functions of Circulatory Systems

• transport of nutrients and metabolic wastes
• maintains water and solute balance
• defense against pathogens

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Circulatory System

• None (simple diffusion)
• Body Cavity Circulation
• Closed Circulatory System
• Open Circulatory System

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No Circulatory System
Comb JellyPhylum Ctenophora
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Circulation in a Moon Jellyfish
Phylum Cnidaria
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Closed Versus Open Circulatory Systems
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Nervous Systems
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Functions of Nervous systems

• integration of animal behavior
• processing and interpretation of sensory
  information
• elicits external and internal responses

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Types of Nervous Systems
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Coloniality
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Coloniality
CoralPhylum Cnidaria
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Coloniality
Sea FanPhylum Cnidaria
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Coloniality
Man-of-WarPhylum Cnidaria
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Polymorphism in the Portuguese Man- of-War