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Title: Twenty-seven


1
Twenty-seven
  • The Cold War World Global Politics, Economic
    Recovery, and Cultural Change

2
Introduction
  • Wasteland
  • Europe as land of wreckage and confusion
  • Refugees returned home
  • Housing now scarce, food in short supply

3
Introduction
  • Trauma
  • The brutality of war
  • Civil war
  • Liberation and betrayal

4
Introduction
  • Recovery
  • Government authority
  • Functioning bureaucracies
  • Legitimate legal systems
  • Memories

5
Introduction
  • The emergence of the superpowers and the cold war
  • Collapse of the European empires

6
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
  • The Iron Curtain
  • Teheran (1943) and Yalta (1945) Conferences
  • Soviets argued they had a legitimate claim to
    eastern Europe

7
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
  • The Soviets and Eastern Europe
  • The peoples republics
  • Sympathetic to Moscow
  • One party took hold of key positions of power
  • Churchills Iron Curtain speech (Fulton,
    Missouri, 1946)
  • Communist governments in Poland, Hungary,
    Romania, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia (1948)
  • Soviet purges in the parties and administrations
    of satellite governments
  • Began in the Balkans
  • Extended through Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
    and Poland

8
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
  • The Soviets and Eastern Europe
  • Greece
  • Local communist-led resistance
  • British and United States determined to keep
    Greece in their sphere of influence
  • Greece as touchstone for escalating American fear
    of communist expansion

9
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
  • The Soviets and Eastern Europe
  • The two Germanys
  • Four occupied zones became two hostile states
  • Berlin divided as well
  • Three Western allies created a single government
    for their territories in 1948
  • Soviets retaliated with the Berlin blockade (June
    1948May 1949)
  • Cut all roads, trains, and river access from the
    western zone to West Berlin
  • The Berlin airlift
  • The Federal Republic (West Germany)
  • The German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

10
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
  • The Marshall Plan
  • U.S. response to Soviet expansion was massive
    economic and military aid
  • The Truman Doctrine (1947)
  • Military assistance to anticommunists in Greece
  • Tied the contest for political power to economics
  • The Marshall Plan (1948)
  • 13 billion of aid for industrial development
    over four years
  • Encouraged states to diagnose their own problems
    and develop solutions
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, April
    1949)
  • United States, Canada, and representatives from
    Western European states
  • Greece, Turkey, and West Germany added later
  • Armed attack against one is an armed attack
    against all

11
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
  • Two worlds and the race for the bomb
  • Soviet response
  • Warsaw Pact (1955)
  • Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
    Poland, Romania, East Germany

12
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
  • Two worlds and the race for the bomb
  • The nuclear arms race
  • Soviets tested an atom bomb in 1949
  • Soviets and United States both had the hydrogen
    bomb in 1953
  • One thousand times more powerful than the
    Hiroshima explosion
  • The nuclearization of warfare
  • Polarized the cold war
  • Forced other countries to join United States or
    Soviets
  • Generated fears that local conflicts might
    trigger a general war
  • The bomb as symbol of an age
  • Science, technology, and progress
  • The threat of mass destruction

13
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
  • Two worlds and the race for the bomb
  • Was the cold war inevitable?
  • Stalins ambitions fueled the cold war
  • United States feared Soviet expansion
  • Domestic intensification of the cold war
  • Anxiety
  • Air raid drills, spy trials, the menacing other

14
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
  • Khrushchev and the thaw
  • Death of Stalin (March 1953)
  • Nikita Khrushchev (18941971) came to power in
    1956
  • Agreed to summit with Britain, France, and the
    United States

15
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
  • Khrushchev and the thaw
  • The secret speech (1956)
  • Denounced Stalinist excesses
  • The thaw (19561958)
  • Camps released thousands of prisoners
  • The rehabilitation of relatives of those executed
    or imprisoned under Stalin
  • Cultural expression freed up
  • Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
  • One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962)
  • The Gulag Archipelago (Paris, 1973)
  • Arrest and exile

16
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
  • Repression in Eastern Europe
  • Poland
  • Demands for more independence to manage their own
    economy (1956)
  • Government responded with military repression and
    promises of liberalization
  • Polands loyalty to the Warsaw Pact

17
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
  • Repression in Eastern Europe
  • Hungary
  • Imre Nagynationalist and communist
  • Attempted to leave Warsaw Pact
  • Soviet troops entered Budapest on November 4,
    1956
  • East Germany
  • East Germans continued to flee (2.7 million
    between 1949 and 1961)
  • Khrushchev demanded a permanent division of
    Germany with a free city of Berlin
  • The Berlin Wall (1961)

18
Economic Renaissance
  • The economic miracle
  • War provided technologies with practical and
    immediate applications
  • Improved communications
  • Manufacture of synthetic materials, aluminum, and
    alloy steels
  • Advances in techniques of prefabrication
  • High consumer demand and high levels of employment

19
Economic Renaissance
  • The role of government
  • The necessity of planning
  • Mixed economies provided public and private
    ownership
  • West Germany experienced unprecedented economic
    growth
  • Production increased sixfold (19481964)
  • Unemployment reached 0.4 percent (1965)
  • Britain
  • The economy remained sluggish
  • Obsolete factories and methods
  • Unwillingness to adopt new techniques

20
Economic Renaissance
  • European economic integration
  • European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC, 1951)
  • European Economic Community (EEC or Common
    Market)
  • France, West Germany, Italy, Britain, Holland,
    and Luxembourg
  • Abolition of trade barriers
  • Committed to common external tariffs
  • The free movement of labor
  • A unified wage structure and social security
    systems
  • The Eurocrats
  • EEC became the worlds largest importer (1963)
  • Total production 70 percent higher than it had
    been in 1950

21
Economic Renaissance
  • European economic integration
  • Bretton Woods (July 1944)
  • Aimed to coordinate movements of the global
    economy
  • Created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and
    the World Bank
  • All currencies pegged to the dollar

22
Economic Renaissance
  • Economic development in the East
  • National income rose and output increased
  • Poland and Hungary strengthened their economic
    connections with the West
  • COMECON compelled other members to trade with the
    Soviet Union

23
Economic Renaissance
  • The welfare state
  • Welfare state coined by Clement Atlee (British
    Labour Party)
  • Britain
  • Free medical health care through the National
    Health Service
  • Assistance to families
  • Guaranteed secondary education
  • Welfare relief as entitlement and not poor relief

24
Economic Renaissance
  • European politics
  • Pragmatism
  • Konrad Adenauer
  • West German chancellor (19491963)
  • Despised German militarism
  • Remained apprehensive about German parliamentary
    government
  • General Charles de Gaulle and the Fifth French
    Republic
  • Retired from politics in 1946
  • Returned to office after Algerian war (1958)
  • Insisted on a new constitution
  • Strengthened executive branch of government
  • France withdrew from NATO in 1966
  • Cultivated better relations with Soviet Union
  • Modern military establishment, with atomic weapons

25
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • The Third World

26
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • The Chinese Revolution (1949)
  • Civil war since 1926
  • Chiang Kai-shek (18871975)nationalist
  • Mao Zedong (18931976)communist
  • Nationalists and communists defeated Japan
  • Mao refused to surrender northern provinces
  • U.S. intervention
  • The Revolution was the act of a nation of
    peasants

27
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • The Chinese Revolution (1949)
  • Mao adapted Marxism to Chinese conditions
  • The loss of China provoked fear in the West
  • United States considered China and the Soviet
    Union to be a communist bloc

28
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • The Korean War
  • A cold war hot spot
  • Korea under Japanese control during World War II
  • Post-1945Soviets controlled north (Kim Jong II)
    and United States controlled south (Syngman Rhee)
  • North Korean troops attacked across the border
    (June 1950)

29
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • The Korean War
  • United States brought invasion to the attention
    of the UN Security Council
  • UN permitted an American-led police action
  • General Douglas MacArthur (18801964)
  • Former military governor of occupied Japan
  • Led amphibious assault behind North Korean lines
  • Wanted to press assault into China
  • Relieved of duty by Truman
  • Chinese troops supported North Koreans

30
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • The Korean War
  • Stalemate
  • The end of the Korean conflict (June 1953)
  • Korea remained divided

31
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • Decolonization
  • The decline of older empires
  • Nationalist movements and independence

32
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • The British Empire unravels
  • India
  • Post-1945waves of Indian protest for Britain to
    quit India
  • Mohandas K. Gandhi (18691948)
  • Pioneered anticolonial ideas and tactics
  • Advocated swaraj (self-rule), nonviolence, and
    civil disobedience
  • Jawaharlal Nehru (18891964)
  • Led the proindependence Congress Party
  • Ethnic and religious conflict
  • The Muslim League
  • British India partitioned into India (majority
    Hindu) and Pakistan (majority Muslim)
  • Brutal religious and ethnic warfare

33
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • The British Empire unravels
  • Palestine
  • Balfour Declaration (1917)
  • Promised a Jewish homeland in Palestine for
    European Zionists
  • Rising conflict between Jewish settlers and Arabs
    (1930s)
  • British limited further immigration (1939)
  • A three-way war
  • Palestinian Arabsfighting for land and
    independence
  • Jewish settlers determined to defy British rule
  • British administrators with divided sympathies

34
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • The British Empire unravels
  • Palestine
  • United Nations partitioned territory into two
    states
  • Israel declared independence in May 1948
  • Palestinian Arabs clustered in refugee camps
  • Gaza strip
  • West bank of the Jordan River

35
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • The British Empire unravels
  • Africa
  • Several west African colonies moved toward
    independence
  • Britain left constitutions and a legal system but
    no economic support
  • More African colonies gained independence
  • Could not redress losses from colonialism
  • Britain tolerated apartheid in South Africa
  • Banned political protest

36
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • The British Empire unravels
  • Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
  • Britain found the cost of maintaining naval and
    air bases too high
  • Nationalists forced British to withdraw troops
    from Egypt within three years (1951)
  • King Farouk (19211965) deposed by nationalist
    officers and a republic is proclaimed (1952)

37
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • The British Empire unravels
  • Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
  • Gamal Abdel Nasser (19181970)
  • Became Egyptian president
  • Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company
  • Financing the Aswan Dam
  • Pan-Arabism
  • Willing to take aid and support from the Soviets

38
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • The British Empire unravels
  • Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
  • Israel, France, and Britain found pan-Arabism
    threatening
  • Egypt attacked by Israel, France, and Britain
    (1956)
  • United States inflicted financial penalties on
    Britain and France, forced to withdraw

39
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • French decolonization
  • The French experience
  • Decolonization was bloodier, more difficult, and
    more damaging to French prestige

40
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • French decolonization
  • The first Vietnam War, 19461954
  • The French in Indochinaone of Frances last
    imperial acquisitions
  • Nationalist and communist independence movements
  • Ho Chi Minh (18901969)
  • Hoped for independence at Versailles (1919)
  • Marxist peasants organized around social,
    agrarian, and national issues
  • Allies supported communist independence movement

41
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • French decolonization
  • The first Vietnam War, 19461954
  • Vietnamese guerrilla war against the French
  • French pressed on for total victory
  • French established a base at Dien Bien Phu (fell
    in May 1954)
  • French began peace talks at Geneva
  • The Geneva Accords
  • Vietnam divided into two states
  • North Vietnamtaken over by Ho Chi Minhs party
  • South Vietnamtaken over by pro-Western
    politicians
  • A virtual guarantee that war would continue

42
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • French decolonization
  • Algeria
  • Since the 1830s, a settler state of three social
    groups
  • One million Europeans (farmers, vintners, working
    class, small merchants)
  • Muslim Berbers (formal and informal privileges)
  • Muslim Arabs (largest and most deprived sector)
  • Post-1945Algerian nationalists called on the
    Allies to recognize their independence
  • France granted limited enfranchisement
  • Settlers and Berber Muslims
  • Arabs

43
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • French decolonization
  • Algeria
  • Arab activists form the National Liberation Front
    (FLN) in the mid-1950s
  • Civil war on three fronts
  • Guerrilla war between regular French army and FLN
  • FLN terrorism in Algerian cities
  • Systematic torture by French security forces
  • De Gaulle declared that Algeria would always be
    French

44
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
  • French decolonization
  • Algeria
  • Algeria declared its independence by referendum
    in 1962
  • The war divided French society
  • The identity of France

45
Postwar Culture and Thought
  • The black presence
  • Présence Africaine (published at Paris, 1947)
  • Aimé Césaire (b. 1913) and Léopold Senghor
    (19062001)
  • Both men were the exponents of Négritude (black
    consciousness)
  • Powerful indictments of colonialism

46
Postwar Culture and Thought
  • The black presence
  • Frantz Fanon (19251961)
  • Withdrawing into black culture was not an answer
    to racism
  • A theory of radical social change
  • Pointed to the ironies of Europes civilizing
    mission
  • The reevaluation of blackness

47
Postwar Culture and Thought
  • Existentialism
  • Jean-Paul Sartre (19051980) and Albert Camus
    (19131960)
  • Individuality, commitment, and choice
  • Existence precedes essence
  • Meaning in life is not given, it is created
  • Individuals are condemned to be free
  • CamusThe Stranger (1942), The Plague (1947), and
    The Fall (1956)

48
Postwar Culture and Thought
  • Existentialism
  • Existentialism and race
  • Race derived meaning from lived experience
  • Simon de Beauvoir (19081986)
  • The Second Sex (1949)
  • One is not born a woman, one becomes one
  • Asked why women dream the dreams of men?

49
Postwar Culture and Thought
  • Memory and amnesia The aftermath of war
  • The Frankfurt school
  • Theodore Adorno (19031969) and Max Horkheimer
    (18951973)
  • Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947)
  • Indictment of the culture industry for
    depoliticizing the masses

50
Postwar Culture and Thought
  • Memory and amnesia The aftermath of war
  • Hannah Arendt (19061975)
  • Nazism and Stalinism should be understood as a
    form of totalitarianism
  • The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
  • Totalitarianism worked by mobilizing mass support
  • Used terror to crush resistance
  • The atomization of the public
  • Made collective resistance impossible

51
Conclusion
  • Fidel Castro
  • The Bay of Pigs (1961)
  • The Cuban missile crisis (1962)
  • Dr. Strangelove (1964)
  • Eisenhower and the military-industrial complex

52
This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint for Chapter
27.
http//www.wwnorton.com/college/history/wciv_16e/b
rief
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