Title: Twenty-seven
1Twenty-seven
- The Cold War World Global Politics, Economic
Recovery, and Cultural Change
2Introduction
- Wasteland
- Europe as land of wreckage and confusion
- Refugees returned home
- Housing now scarce, food in short supply
3Introduction
- Trauma
- The brutality of war
- Civil war
- Liberation and betrayal
4Introduction
- Recovery
- Government authority
- Functioning bureaucracies
- Legitimate legal systems
- Memories
5Introduction
- The emergence of the superpowers and the cold war
- Collapse of the European empires
6The Cold War and a Divided Continent
- The Iron Curtain
- Teheran (1943) and Yalta (1945) Conferences
- Soviets argued they had a legitimate claim to
eastern Europe
7The Cold War and a Divided Continent
- The Soviets and Eastern Europe
- The peoples republics
- Sympathetic to Moscow
- One party took hold of key positions of power
- Churchills Iron Curtain speech (Fulton,
Missouri, 1946) - Communist governments in Poland, Hungary,
Romania, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia (1948) - Soviet purges in the parties and administrations
of satellite governments - Began in the Balkans
- Extended through Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
and Poland
8The Cold War and a Divided Continent
- The Soviets and Eastern Europe
- Greece
- Local communist-led resistance
- British and United States determined to keep
Greece in their sphere of influence - Greece as touchstone for escalating American fear
of communist expansion
9The Cold War and a Divided Continent
- The Soviets and Eastern Europe
- The two Germanys
- Four occupied zones became two hostile states
- Berlin divided as well
- Three Western allies created a single government
for their territories in 1948 - Soviets retaliated with the Berlin blockade (June
1948May 1949) - Cut all roads, trains, and river access from the
western zone to West Berlin - The Berlin airlift
- The Federal Republic (West Germany)
- The German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
10The Cold War and a Divided Continent
- The Marshall Plan
- U.S. response to Soviet expansion was massive
economic and military aid - The Truman Doctrine (1947)
- Military assistance to anticommunists in Greece
- Tied the contest for political power to economics
- The Marshall Plan (1948)
- 13 billion of aid for industrial development
over four years - Encouraged states to diagnose their own problems
and develop solutions - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, April
1949) - United States, Canada, and representatives from
Western European states - Greece, Turkey, and West Germany added later
- Armed attack against one is an armed attack
against all
11The Cold War and a Divided Continent
- Two worlds and the race for the bomb
- Soviet response
- Warsaw Pact (1955)
- Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
Poland, Romania, East Germany
12The Cold War and a Divided Continent
- Two worlds and the race for the bomb
- The nuclear arms race
- Soviets tested an atom bomb in 1949
- Soviets and United States both had the hydrogen
bomb in 1953 - One thousand times more powerful than the
Hiroshima explosion - The nuclearization of warfare
- Polarized the cold war
- Forced other countries to join United States or
Soviets - Generated fears that local conflicts might
trigger a general war - The bomb as symbol of an age
- Science, technology, and progress
- The threat of mass destruction
13The Cold War and a Divided Continent
- Two worlds and the race for the bomb
- Was the cold war inevitable?
- Stalins ambitions fueled the cold war
- United States feared Soviet expansion
- Domestic intensification of the cold war
- Anxiety
- Air raid drills, spy trials, the menacing other
14The Cold War and a Divided Continent
- Khrushchev and the thaw
- Death of Stalin (March 1953)
- Nikita Khrushchev (18941971) came to power in
1956 - Agreed to summit with Britain, France, and the
United States
15The Cold War and a Divided Continent
- Khrushchev and the thaw
- The secret speech (1956)
- Denounced Stalinist excesses
- The thaw (19561958)
- Camps released thousands of prisoners
- The rehabilitation of relatives of those executed
or imprisoned under Stalin - Cultural expression freed up
- Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
- One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962)
- The Gulag Archipelago (Paris, 1973)
- Arrest and exile
16The Cold War and a Divided Continent
- Repression in Eastern Europe
- Poland
- Demands for more independence to manage their own
economy (1956) - Government responded with military repression and
promises of liberalization - Polands loyalty to the Warsaw Pact
17The Cold War and a Divided Continent
- Repression in Eastern Europe
- Hungary
- Imre Nagynationalist and communist
- Attempted to leave Warsaw Pact
- Soviet troops entered Budapest on November 4,
1956 - East Germany
- East Germans continued to flee (2.7 million
between 1949 and 1961) - Khrushchev demanded a permanent division of
Germany with a free city of Berlin - The Berlin Wall (1961)
18Economic Renaissance
- The economic miracle
- War provided technologies with practical and
immediate applications - Improved communications
- Manufacture of synthetic materials, aluminum, and
alloy steels - Advances in techniques of prefabrication
- High consumer demand and high levels of employment
19Economic Renaissance
- The role of government
- The necessity of planning
- Mixed economies provided public and private
ownership - West Germany experienced unprecedented economic
growth - Production increased sixfold (19481964)
- Unemployment reached 0.4 percent (1965)
- Britain
- The economy remained sluggish
- Obsolete factories and methods
- Unwillingness to adopt new techniques
20Economic Renaissance
- European economic integration
- European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC, 1951)
- European Economic Community (EEC or Common
Market) - France, West Germany, Italy, Britain, Holland,
and Luxembourg - Abolition of trade barriers
- Committed to common external tariffs
- The free movement of labor
- A unified wage structure and social security
systems - The Eurocrats
- EEC became the worlds largest importer (1963)
- Total production 70 percent higher than it had
been in 1950
21Economic Renaissance
- European economic integration
- Bretton Woods (July 1944)
- Aimed to coordinate movements of the global
economy - Created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and
the World Bank - All currencies pegged to the dollar
22Economic Renaissance
- Economic development in the East
- National income rose and output increased
- Poland and Hungary strengthened their economic
connections with the West - COMECON compelled other members to trade with the
Soviet Union
23Economic Renaissance
- The welfare state
- Welfare state coined by Clement Atlee (British
Labour Party) - Britain
- Free medical health care through the National
Health Service - Assistance to families
- Guaranteed secondary education
- Welfare relief as entitlement and not poor relief
24Economic Renaissance
- European politics
- Pragmatism
- Konrad Adenauer
- West German chancellor (19491963)
- Despised German militarism
- Remained apprehensive about German parliamentary
government - General Charles de Gaulle and the Fifth French
Republic - Retired from politics in 1946
- Returned to office after Algerian war (1958)
- Insisted on a new constitution
- Strengthened executive branch of government
- France withdrew from NATO in 1966
- Cultivated better relations with Soviet Union
- Modern military establishment, with atomic weapons
25Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
26Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- The Chinese Revolution (1949)
- Civil war since 1926
- Chiang Kai-shek (18871975)nationalist
- Mao Zedong (18931976)communist
- Nationalists and communists defeated Japan
- Mao refused to surrender northern provinces
- U.S. intervention
- The Revolution was the act of a nation of
peasants
27Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- The Chinese Revolution (1949)
- Mao adapted Marxism to Chinese conditions
- The loss of China provoked fear in the West
- United States considered China and the Soviet
Union to be a communist bloc
28Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- The Korean War
- A cold war hot spot
- Korea under Japanese control during World War II
- Post-1945Soviets controlled north (Kim Jong II)
and United States controlled south (Syngman Rhee) - North Korean troops attacked across the border
(June 1950)
29Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- The Korean War
- United States brought invasion to the attention
of the UN Security Council - UN permitted an American-led police action
- General Douglas MacArthur (18801964)
- Former military governor of occupied Japan
- Led amphibious assault behind North Korean lines
- Wanted to press assault into China
- Relieved of duty by Truman
- Chinese troops supported North Koreans
30Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- The Korean War
- Stalemate
- The end of the Korean conflict (June 1953)
- Korea remained divided
31Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- Decolonization
- The decline of older empires
- Nationalist movements and independence
32Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- The British Empire unravels
- India
- Post-1945waves of Indian protest for Britain to
quit India - Mohandas K. Gandhi (18691948)
- Pioneered anticolonial ideas and tactics
- Advocated swaraj (self-rule), nonviolence, and
civil disobedience - Jawaharlal Nehru (18891964)
- Led the proindependence Congress Party
- Ethnic and religious conflict
- The Muslim League
- British India partitioned into India (majority
Hindu) and Pakistan (majority Muslim) - Brutal religious and ethnic warfare
33Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- The British Empire unravels
- Palestine
- Balfour Declaration (1917)
- Promised a Jewish homeland in Palestine for
European Zionists - Rising conflict between Jewish settlers and Arabs
(1930s) - British limited further immigration (1939)
- A three-way war
- Palestinian Arabsfighting for land and
independence - Jewish settlers determined to defy British rule
- British administrators with divided sympathies
34Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- The British Empire unravels
- Palestine
- United Nations partitioned territory into two
states - Israel declared independence in May 1948
- Palestinian Arabs clustered in refugee camps
- Gaza strip
- West bank of the Jordan River
35Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- The British Empire unravels
- Africa
- Several west African colonies moved toward
independence - Britain left constitutions and a legal system but
no economic support - More African colonies gained independence
- Could not redress losses from colonialism
- Britain tolerated apartheid in South Africa
- Banned political protest
36Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- The British Empire unravels
- Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
- Britain found the cost of maintaining naval and
air bases too high - Nationalists forced British to withdraw troops
from Egypt within three years (1951) - King Farouk (19211965) deposed by nationalist
officers and a republic is proclaimed (1952)
37Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- The British Empire unravels
- Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
- Gamal Abdel Nasser (19181970)
- Became Egyptian president
- Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company
- Financing the Aswan Dam
- Pan-Arabism
- Willing to take aid and support from the Soviets
38Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- The British Empire unravels
- Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
- Israel, France, and Britain found pan-Arabism
threatening - Egypt attacked by Israel, France, and Britain
(1956) - United States inflicted financial penalties on
Britain and France, forced to withdraw
39Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- French decolonization
- The French experience
- Decolonization was bloodier, more difficult, and
more damaging to French prestige
40Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- French decolonization
- The first Vietnam War, 19461954
- The French in Indochinaone of Frances last
imperial acquisitions - Nationalist and communist independence movements
- Ho Chi Minh (18901969)
- Hoped for independence at Versailles (1919)
- Marxist peasants organized around social,
agrarian, and national issues - Allies supported communist independence movement
41Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- French decolonization
- The first Vietnam War, 19461954
- Vietnamese guerrilla war against the French
- French pressed on for total victory
- French established a base at Dien Bien Phu (fell
in May 1954) - French began peace talks at Geneva
- The Geneva Accords
- Vietnam divided into two states
- North Vietnamtaken over by Ho Chi Minhs party
- South Vietnamtaken over by pro-Western
politicians - A virtual guarantee that war would continue
42Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- French decolonization
- Algeria
- Since the 1830s, a settler state of three social
groups - One million Europeans (farmers, vintners, working
class, small merchants) - Muslim Berbers (formal and informal privileges)
- Muslim Arabs (largest and most deprived sector)
- Post-1945Algerian nationalists called on the
Allies to recognize their independence - France granted limited enfranchisement
- Settlers and Berber Muslims
- Arabs
43Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- French decolonization
- Algeria
- Arab activists form the National Liberation Front
(FLN) in the mid-1950s - Civil war on three fronts
- Guerrilla war between regular French army and FLN
- FLN terrorism in Algerian cities
- Systematic torture by French security forces
- De Gaulle declared that Algeria would always be
French
44Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
- French decolonization
- Algeria
- Algeria declared its independence by referendum
in 1962 - The war divided French society
- The identity of France
45Postwar Culture and Thought
- The black presence
- Présence Africaine (published at Paris, 1947)
- Aimé Césaire (b. 1913) and Léopold Senghor
(19062001) - Both men were the exponents of Négritude (black
consciousness) - Powerful indictments of colonialism
46Postwar Culture and Thought
- The black presence
- Frantz Fanon (19251961)
- Withdrawing into black culture was not an answer
to racism - A theory of radical social change
- Pointed to the ironies of Europes civilizing
mission - The reevaluation of blackness
47Postwar Culture and Thought
- Existentialism
- Jean-Paul Sartre (19051980) and Albert Camus
(19131960) - Individuality, commitment, and choice
- Existence precedes essence
- Meaning in life is not given, it is created
- Individuals are condemned to be free
- CamusThe Stranger (1942), The Plague (1947), and
The Fall (1956)
48Postwar Culture and Thought
- Existentialism
- Existentialism and race
- Race derived meaning from lived experience
- Simon de Beauvoir (19081986)
- The Second Sex (1949)
- One is not born a woman, one becomes one
- Asked why women dream the dreams of men?
49Postwar Culture and Thought
- Memory and amnesia The aftermath of war
- The Frankfurt school
- Theodore Adorno (19031969) and Max Horkheimer
(18951973) - Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947)
- Indictment of the culture industry for
depoliticizing the masses
50Postwar Culture and Thought
- Memory and amnesia The aftermath of war
- Hannah Arendt (19061975)
- Nazism and Stalinism should be understood as a
form of totalitarianism - The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
- Totalitarianism worked by mobilizing mass support
- Used terror to crush resistance
- The atomization of the public
- Made collective resistance impossible
51Conclusion
- Fidel Castro
- The Bay of Pigs (1961)
- The Cuban missile crisis (1962)
- Dr. Strangelove (1964)
- Eisenhower and the military-industrial complex
52This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint for Chapter
27.
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