http://www.photon.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~maruyama

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2001???????????????
??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??
http//www.photon.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/maruyama e-mail
maruyama_at_photon.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
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Current Research Topics
Generation of Carbon Nanotubes
1. Laser Furnace Technique 2. Raman Spectroscopy
FT-ICR Mass Spectroscopy
1.Endohedral Metallofullerene 2.Precursor
Clusters of SWNTs 3. Silicon Clusters
Hydrogen Storage with SWNTs
Heat Conduction with SWNTs
Molecular Aspects of Phase Interface
1. Liquid Droplet and Vapor Bubble on Surface 2.
Nucleation of Liquid Droplet 3. Nucleation of
Vapor Bubble
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???(Thermodynamics)
???(Thermodynamics) ?????????????
?????(Energy) ???????(Kinetic Energy) ??????????
?(Potential Energy) ?(Force) ??(Work) ????
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?????(Thermal Equilibrium State)
?(System)???(Surroundings)?? ??(Boundary)????????
?????(Mechanical Action) ????? ????(Thermal
Action) ????? ?????(Mass Action) ??????
????(Closed System) ??????? ????(Open
System)??????? ???(Isolated System) ??????????
?????(Thermal Equilibrium State)
???????,??????????
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????????(The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics)
?B,C???? (BC)
?A, B???? (AB)
?A,C???? (AC)
?A,B,C?,?????(Temperature)???
B????(Thermometer)??? A,C??????????????
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??????(Thermodynamic State)
???(Quantity of State) ?????????????(??,??,????)
???(Intensive)??? ??????????(T,p) ???(Extensive)?
?? ??????????(V) ????(Specific Quantity)
????????? ???(Specific Volume)??
???????????????? ????(????????????)
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????????(Equation of State)
?????
????????(?????)???? ???????????
????(Homogeneous Substance)?? ??????????2?
???gt?????(Equation of State)
?????? pv??(pv-Diagram)
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pv??(pv-diagram)??(1)
p
??? (Critical Point)
??? (Compressed Liquid)
???? (Superheated Vapor)
????(Wet Vapor)
V
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pv??(pv-diagram)??(2)
p
????(Critical Pressure) ????(Critical
Temperature) ?????(Critical Specific Volume)
??? (Critical Point)
V
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pv??(pv-diagram)??(3)
p
???
????(Wet Vapor)
???????????
V
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????????(Equation of State)
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van der Waals?????? (van der Waals Equation)
p
V
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???????(1)(The First Law of Thermodynamics)
??????????????? ?????????????
????(Change of State) ?????(1)???????(2)
????ltgt??????? (?????,?????,????)
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??????
???(????)???????????? ?????????T2-T1????.
?????????????
?(Heat) ??????2????????? ????????????????????????
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???????(2)(The First Law of Thermodynamics)
internal
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???????(3)(The First Law of Thermodynamics)
?????(1)???????Q?????, ???L??????,???????(2)??????
????????????????????!
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?????(Thermal Equilibrium State)
p
V
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?????(Quasi-Static Process)
????? (Quasi-Static Process)
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?????????????
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????????????
p
??? ??R
(2)
(1)
?????R
V1
V2
0
V
pv???????????
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?????????(????)
??????
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???????????(Displacement Work and Enthalpy)
p
???? (Displacement Work) ??V???????? ???????? ????
?????? pV
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?????(Steady Flow System)
A
??A-A????????? ??????????
p
??
A
??????????????
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??,????????????(Specific Heat, Internal Energy
Enthalpy)
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????????????
Joule-Thomson?????(Throttle Expansion)
p1, T1
p2, T2
???
???
??????????, ?????,??,?????????, ??????????.
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???????
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?????(????)(Isothermal change)
(1)
p
??
(2)
0
V
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?????(????)(Isobaric Change)
(1)
p
(2)
??
0
V
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?????(????)(Isometric Change)
(1)
p
??
(2)
0
V
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?????(????)(Adiabatic Change)
(1)
p
??
(2)
0
V
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?????(????????)(Polytropic Change)
(1)
n0(??)
p
(2)
n1(??)
(2)
(2)
(2)
n?(??)
n?(??)
0
V
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???????(1)(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)
?????(Irreversible Process)
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???????(2)(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)
??????????????,??????????????? ???????????????????
??????
??????????????????,????? ???????????????????????
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???????(3)(The Second Law of Thermodynamics)
?????
??,????,??,?? ???? ?Newton????? ???? ?Ohm??? ???
?Fourier??? ???? ?Fick???
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?????????
???????????????
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????????(1)(Carnot Cycle)
????????(Carnot Cycle)
p
T1???
T2???
???
???
0
V
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????????(2)(Carnot Cycle)
2?????Carnot Cycle C1, C2
Q1
Q1
p
T1???
C1
L
L
C2
T2???
Q2
???
???
Q2
???
???
0
V
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????????(3)(Carnot Cycle)
C2????????????(Reverse Carnot Cycle)
Q1
Q1
p
T1???
C1
L
L
?C2
T2???
Q2
???
???
Q2
???
???
0
V
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????????(4)(Carnot Cycle)
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????????(5)(Carnot Cycle)
Q1
T1
C1
Q2
p
T2
C2
T3
???
???
Q3
0
V
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????(Absolute Temperature)
g(T)??????T??????? ???K (Kelvin)
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??????(Entropy)
Q1
p
Q2
T1
Q3
T2
T3
Q4
T4
?
?
?
?
?
0
V
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?????????(Entropy)
?????a?b
S
SdS
p
b
a
???
???
0
V
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???????????(Entropy)
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?????????(Isentropic Change)
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????????????
??????,????????
???2??,??Ti(e)???Ri(Ti(e)) ??????Qi????
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Clausius????(Inequality of Clausius)
??R1, R2, ...,Rn?????
??????
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?????????????
?????R
(2)
(1)
?????R
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????????????
????R0
(2)
?????R
(1)
R0
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?????????????
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Helmholtz???????(Helmholtz Free Energy)
???,????,???????
??
??????
A
??
B
??
(????)
??????????j(e)dX?,??? Helmholtz????????????dF?????
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Gibbs???????(Gibbs Free Energy)
??????????j(e)dX?,??? Gibbs????????????dG?????
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??????????(1) (Atmosphere and Available Energy)
?????
Ha, Sa??????????
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??????????(2)(Atmosphere and Available Energy)
???E1 ???????(Available Energy) ??????(Exergy)