Global Stratification

1
Chapter 9

• Global Stratification

2
Chapter Outline

• Stratification Systems
• Theories of Global Stratification
•  Global Diversity

3
Social Stratification

• Uneven distribution of privileges, material
  rewards, opportunities, power, prestige, and
  influence among individuals and groups.
• Social inequality exists in all societies.
• The inequality may come about because of wealth,
  prestige or power.

4
Stratification Systems

• Stratification can come about in two ways
• Ascribed
• Based on gender, age, family name, or skin
  color.
• This will produce the caste and estate systems of
  stratification.
• Achieved
• Based on individual, direct efforts.
• This is known as the class system.

5
The Caste System

• People are born into and spend their entire lives
  within a caste.
• Caste members are restricted in their choice of
  occupation and degree of social participation.
• Social status is determined by the caste of one's
  birth.

6
The Hindu Caste System

• Four varnas, corresponding to a body part of the
  mythical Purusa
• Purusas mouth issued forth priests Brahmans
• His arms gave rise to warriors Kshatriyas
• His thighs produced artisans and merchants
  Vaishyas
• His feet brought forth menial laborers Shudras
• Below the Sudras were the untouchables, or
  Panchamas who performed the most menial tasks.

7
The Estate System

• A closed system of stratification.
• A persons social position is defined by law.
• Membership is determined primarily by
  inheritance.
• An estate is a segment of a society that has
  legally established rights and duties.

8
Question

• The citizens of poorer nations are more likely to
  be lazy when compared to the citizens of richer
  nations.
• Strongly agree
• Agree somewhat
• Unsure
• Disagree somewhat
• Strongly disagree

9
Estate System of Medieval Europe

• Three major estates in Europe
• The nobility
• The clergy
• The peasants

10
The Class System

• Some form of class system is present in all
  industrial societies.
• Mobility is greater in a class system than in
  either a caste or an estate system.
• Mobility is the result of higher-level jobs to
  anyone with the education and experience required.

11
Question

• The type of stratification system with the most
  social mobility is a(n)
• caste system.
• estate system.
• class system.
• nobility system.

12
Answer C

• The type of stratification system with the most
  social mobility is a class system.

13
Modernization Theory

• Assumes economic differences among countries are
  due to technological and cultural differences.
• Developed countries help less developed
  countries
• Provide fertilizers, irrigation methods and
  insect control to increase food supplies.
• May also help control their population.

14
Dependency Theory

• Economic positions of rich and poor nations
  cannot be understood in isolation.
• Developing countries would develop more quickly
  if they reduced their dependence on the developed
  countries.
• The prosperity of more developed countries came
  about because other countries became poor.

15
Global Diversity

• World population, 6.477 billion in 2005, has more
  than doubled since 1960 and is projected to
  increase to 9.3 billion by 2050.
• The worlds richest countries, 20 of the global
  population, account for 86 of private
  consumption the poorest 20 account for 1.3.
• A child born in an industrialized country will
  add more to consumption and pollution over his or
  her lifetime than 30 to 50 children born in
  developing countries.

16
World Health Trends

• The average life expectancy for a newborn more
  than doubled, from 30 years in 1900 to 67 years
  in 2005.
• China has moved from conditions at the turn of
  the century, when scarcely 60 of newborns
  reached their 5th birthday, to the present, when
  more than 60 will reach their 70th birthday.
• In Japan, where life expectancy is nearly 80
  years, a newborn has only a 4 in 1,000 chance of
  dying before its 1st birthday and less than a 1
  in 1,000 risk of dying by age 40.

17
World Health Trends

• More than 300 million people live in 24 countries
  where life expectancy is less than 50 years.
• In these countries, 1 of 10 newborns die by age
  1, and 3 million a year do not survive for one
  week.
• In some African villages, deaths among infants
  and young children occur 10 times more frequently
  than deaths among the aged.
• Currently, 80 of the worlds population does not
  have access to any health care.

18
Health of Infants and Children in Developing
Countries

• Death among children is overwhelmingly a problem
  of the developing countries in Africa, Asia, and
  Latin America.
• Those countries account for 98 of the worlds
  deaths among children younger than 5.
• UNICEF estimates that 95 of these deaths are
  preventable.

19
HIV / Aids

• Some 4.9 million people worldwide were newly
  infected with HIV during 2004, bringing the total
  number of people living with HIV or AIDS to 40
  million, up from 34.3 million in 1999.
• Since the epidemic was identified, about 30
  million people have died from AIDS.
• The United Nations estimates that without
  substantially expanded prevention and treatment
  programs, approximately 68 million people will
  die of AIDS in the 45 most affected countries
  between 2000 and 2020.

20
HIV/AIDS Worldwide Facts
World Area Number Infected Infected Women
Sub-Saharan Africa 28.1 million 8.4 55
South and Southeast Asia 6.1 million 0.6 35 
Latin America .4 million 10.5 30
East Asia and Pacific 1 million 0.1  20
Caribbean 420,000 2.2 50
North Africa and Middle East 440,000 0.2 40
21
Population Trends

• Every minute, 249 babies are born in the world,
  about 358,988 new human beings a day.
• The 6 billionth person arrived in the year 2000.
• Another billion people will be added every 11 to
  13 years until the middle of the 21st century.

22
Population Growth

• In A.D. 1650, there were an estimated 510 million
  people in the entire world.
• 100 years later, there were 710 million, an
  increase of 39.
• By 1900, there were 1.6 billion.
• By the year 2025, the global population will be
  greater than 8 billion.
• The world population is doubling about every 51
  years.

23
Global Aging

• In most countries, the elderly population is
  growing faster than the population as a whole.
• Almost half of the worlds elderly live in China,
  India, the United States, and the former Soviet
  Union.
• The oldest old (85 plus) are the fastest-growing
  segment of the population in many countries.

24
People Infected with HIV in Various World Regions
(in Millions)
25
Population Trends

• Every minute, 249 babies are born in the world.
• This is about 358,988 new human beings a day
  (131.4 million a year) who need to be fed,
  clothed, sheltered, educated, and employed.
• The 6 billionth person arrived in 2000.
• Another billion people will be added every 11 to
  13 years until the middle of the 21st century.

26
Population Trends

• In AD 1650, 510 million people lived in the
  entire world.
• 100 years later, there were 710 million, an
  increase of 39.
• By 1900, there were 1.6 billion.
• 100 years later the population had grown to 6.08
  billion, with 131.4 million people added each
  year.

27
Factors in Global Fertility

• Number of Children
• Womens average age at first marriage
• Breast-feeding
• Infant mortality

28
Factors in Global Fertility

• Demand for Children
• Gender preferences
• Value of children
• Children as insurance against divorce
• Children as securers of womens position in
  family
• Childrens value for economic gain
• Childrens value for old-age support.
• Cost of children.

29
Factors in Global Fertility

• Fertility Control
• Use of contraception
• Factors influencing fertility decisions
• Income level
• Education of women
• Urban or rural residence

30
Countries with the Highest and Lowest Fertility
Lifetime Births per Woman
Highest Lowest
Niger 8.0
Belarus 1.2
Guinea-Bissau 7.1
Czech Republic 1.2
Mali 7.1
Poland 1.2
Somalia 7.0
South Korea 1.2
Uganda 6.9
Taiwan 1.2
31
Teenage Marriages
of 15- to 19-Year-Olds Who Are Married of 15- to 19-Year-Olds Who Are Married
Sub-Saharan Africa Boys Girls
Dem. Rep. of Congo 5 74
Niger 4 70
Congo 12 56
Uganda 11 50
Mali 5 50
32
Teenage Marriages
of 15- to 19-Year-Olds Who Are Married of 15- to 19-Year-Olds Who Are Married
Asia Boys Girls
Afghanistan 9 54
Bangladesh 5 51
Nepal 14 42
33
Teenage Marriages
of 15- to 19-Year-Olds Who Are Married of 15- to 19-Year-Olds Who Are Married
Middle East Boys Girls
Iraq 15 28
Syria 4 25
Yemen 5 24
34
Teenage Marriages
of 15- to 19-Year-Olds Who Are Married of 15- to 19-Year-Olds Who Are Married
Latin America and Caribbean Boys Girls
Honduras 7 30
Cuba 7 29
Guatemala 8 24
35
Gender Preferences

• Three sets of factors influence the desire for
  male children
• Economic factors - contribution to family income
• Social factors- marriage patterns, and religion
• Psychological factors - influences on parents
  decisions about size and composition of the
  family.

36
Countries with Fewer Women Than Expected
37
Question

• Women do most of the day- to-day work in
  developing countries.
• Strongly agree
• Agree somewhat
• Unsure
• Disagree somewhat
• Strongly disagree

38
Benefits and Costs of Children

• The first child is important to bring the spouses
  closer together and have someone to carry on the
  family name.
• In considering a second child, parents emphasize
  desire for a companion for the first child and a
  desire to have a child of the opposite sex from
  the first.
• Similar values are prominent in relation to
  third, fourth, and fifth children.

39
Benefits and Costs of Children

• Beyond the fifth child, economic considerations
  predominate.
• Parents speak of the sixth or later children in
  terms of their helping around the house,
  contributing to the support of the household, and
  providing security during old age.

40
Contraception

• People have regulated family size for centuries
  through abortion, abstinence, and infanticide.
• In many countries, the costs of preventing a
  birth, whether economic, social, or
  psychological, may be greater than the risk of
  having another child.
• Use of contraception varies widely 18 or fewer
  for married women in almost all of sub-Saharan
  Africa, but between 70 and 80 for women in
  Europe, Asia, and the United States

41
Abortion

• Worldwide, abortion is the most widely used form
  of birth control, and is common even when
  illegal.
• Abortion is legal in the worlds three most
  populous countries (China, India, and the United
  States) as well as in Japan and all of Europe
  except Belgium and Ireland.
• In Russia, where contraceptives are hard to find,
  more than half of all pregnancies end in
  abortion.

42
Education of Women

• The amount of education a woman receives affects
  the number of children she has.
• Fertility levels are usually the lowest among the
  most highly educated women within a country.
• Example
• In Guatemala, women with no schooling have an
  average of 6.9 children, those with a secondary
  or higher education have 2.7 children on average.

43
Education of Women

• Two-thirds of the worlds 876 million illiterate
  people are women.
• Educated women are more likely to know about and
  adopt birth control methods.
• In Mexico, 72 of women with 9 or more years of
  education are likely to use contraception,
  whereas only 31 of those with 5 or fewer years
  of education are likely to do so.

44
Children of Primary School Age Who Are Not in
School
45
Global Aging

• Worldwide, the number of persons aged 60 years or
  over will increase from 672 million in 2005 to
  nearly 1.9 billion by 2050.
• Today 60 of the elderly live in developing
  countries.
• By 2050, the number will rise to 80.
• The number of people over 80 will increase from
  86 million in 2005 to 394 million in 2050.
• By 2050, the number of people over 65 in the
  world will exceed the number of young for the
  first time in the history of humankind.

46
World Population 65 and Older, 2000 and 2025
47
Quick Quiz
48

• 1. A form of stratification that people are born
  into and spend their entire lives in is known as
• an estate system.
• a caste system.
• apartheid.
• a class system.

49
Answer B

• A form of stratification that people are born
  into and spend their entire lives in is known as
  a caste system.

50

• 2. Which of the following Hindu castes is the
  highest in their stratification system?
• Vaishyasr
• Sundras
• Panchamas
• Brahmans

51
Answer D

• The Brahman caste is the highest in the Hindi
  stratification system.

52

• 3. According to modernization theory, the
  greatest barrier to modernization is
• government policies that are not conducive to
  business.
• the lack of money to invest in Western-style
  industry and agriculture.
• strong ties to religious or historical
  traditions.
• low motivation toward achievement.

53
Answer C

• According to modernization theory, the greatest
  barrier to modernization is strong ties to
  religious or historical traditions.

54

• 4. Worldwide, _________________ is the most
  widely used form of birth control.

55
Answer abortion

• Worldwide, abortion is the most widely used form
  of birth control.

56

• 5. Which of the following is true about education
  and fertility? ?
• Fertility levels will be the lowest for the most
  educated women within a country.
• Women's level of education affects fertility more
  than does that of men.
• Women who are more educated know more about and
  are more likely to use birth control.
• All of these choices are correct.

57
Answer D

• Each of the following is true about education and
  fertility
• Fertility levels will be the lowest for the most
  educated women within a country.
• Women's level of education affects fertility more
  than does that of men.
• Women who are more educated know more about and
  are more likely to use birth control.