The Impact of Computer Technology

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The Impact of Computer Technology
Privacy and Personal Information

• Computers are not needed for the invasion of
  privacy.
• Computers simply make new threats possible and
  old threats more potent.
• Privacy can mean
• Freedom from intrusion.
• Control of information about oneself.
• Freedom from surveillance.

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The Impact of Computer Technology

• Invisible Information Gathering
• Examples
• Satellite surveillance.
• Caller ID.
• 800- or 900-number calls.
• Web-tracking data cookies.
• Peer-to-peer monitoring.
• Others

Q Recall an example of invisible information
gathering about you.
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Cookies ?
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cookie theft

• cookie sniffing
• cross-site scripting
• cookie poisoning

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The Impact of Computer Technology

• Profiling
• Using data in computer files to predict likely
  behaviors of people. Some examples
• Businesses engage in profiling to determine
  consumer propensity (kecenderungan) toward a
  product or service.
• Government agencies use profiling to create
  descriptions of possible terrorists.

Q How might profiling be used with your personal
information?
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The Impact of Computer Technology

• Monitoring and Tracking
• Examples
• GPS (global positioning system).
• Cell-phones.
• Blackboxes in automobiles.
• Other wireless appliances.

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More Examples

• Traffic Monitor Camera can be used to check
  vehicles, persons
• Face recognition for unwelcome people

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Consumer Information

• Consumer Databases
• Gathering Information
• Warranty cards.
• Purchasing records.
• Membership lists.
• Web activity.
• Change-of-address forms.
• Much more

Q Recall ways in which you have contributed to
consumer databases.
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Consumer Information

• Consumer Databases (contd)
• Limiting Collection, Use, Sharing, and Sale of
  Personal Data
• Consumers can take measures to restrict the use
  of their personal information.
• Some information sharing is prohibited by law.
• Some information sharing is prohibited by
  published, privacy policies.

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Consumer Information

• Marketing Using Consumer Information
• Trading/buying customer lists.
• Telemarketing.
• Data Mining.
• Mass-marketing.
• Web ads.
• Spam (unsolicited e-mail).

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More Privacy Risks

• Social Security Numbers (SSNs)
• Appear in
• Employer records.
• Government databases.
• School records.
• Credit reports.
• Consumer applications.
• Many other databases.

Q What are the risks of using SSNs as
identifiers?
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More Privacy Risks

• National ID Card System
• If implemented, the card could contain your
• Name.
• Address.
• Telephone number(s).
• Photo.
• SSN.

Q What other personal information should a
national ID card contain?
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More Privacy Risks

• National ID Card System
• If implemented, the system could allow access to
  your
• Medical information.
• Tax records.
• Citizenship.
• Credit history.
• Much more

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More Privacy Risks

• Personal Health and Medical Information
• Data can include
• History of substance abuse.
• Treatment for sexually transmitted disease.
• Extent of psychiatric help received.
• Any suicide attempt(s).
• Diagnosis of diseases (diabetes, angina, cancer,
  etc.).
• Use of prescribed medicines.
• Much more

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More Privacy Risks

• Public Records
• Available in paper form and/or online
• Bankruptcy.
• Arrest.
• Marriage-license application.
• Divorce proceedings.
• Property ownership.
• Salary (if employed by state or federal
  government).
• Wills and Trusts.
• Much more

Q How should access to public records be
controlled?
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Protecting Privacy Education, Technology, and
Markets

• Education
• Must include awareness of
• How the technology works.
• How the technology is being used.
• The risks brought on by the technology.
• How to limit unwanted use of personal
  information.
• Applicable state and federal laws and regulations.

Q How do you limit unwanted use of your personal
information?
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Protecting Privacy Education, Technology, and
Markets

• Technology
• Enhance privacy using
• Cookie disablers.
• Opt-in/opt-out options.
• Anonymous Web services.
• P3P (Platform for Privacy Preferences).
• Good passwords.
• Audit trails.

Q What privacy-enhancing technology do you use
regularly?
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Protecting Privacy Education, Technology, and
Markets

• Market Response
• Markets can protect your privacy by
• Using trusted third parties.
• Adhering to established privacy policies.
• Purchasing consumer information directly from the
  consumer.
• Developing and selling privacy-enhancing
  technologies and services.

Q Have you read the privacy policies at Web
sites you frequent?
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Protecting Privacy Law and Regulation

• Philosophical Views
• Samuel Warren Louis Brandeis
• Individuals have the right to prohibit
  publication of personal facts and photos.
• Judith Jarvis Thompson
• No distinct right to privacy.
• Privacy rights result from rights to our
  property, body, and contracts.
• Transactions
• Transactions have two parties, often with
  conflicting preferences about privacy.

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Protecting Privacy Law and Regulation

• Contrasting Views
• Free-market View
• The parties of a transaction are viewed as equal.
• Truth in information gathering.
• Strong reliance on contracts.
• Freedom of speech and commerce.
• Consumer-Protection View
• The parties of a transaction are viewed
  differently.
• More stringent consent requirements required by
  law.
• Strong limitations on secondary uses of
  information required by law.
• Legal restrictions on consumer profiling.

Q How should the privacy of consumer
transactions be regulated?
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Protecting Privacy Law and Regulation

• Contracts and Regulations
• Basic Legal Framework
• Enforce agreements and contracts.
• Publish privacy policies.
• Set defaults for situations not in contract.
• Requiring Specific Consent policies
• Adhere to informed consumer consent.
• Use opt-in policies.
• Legal Regulations
• Determine effectiveness, direct and hidden costs,
  and any loss of services or inconvenience.

Q Recall a situation where you exchanged
personal information for some benefit.
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Protecting Privacy Law and Regulation

• Contracts and Regulations (contd)
• Ownership of personal data. Can an individual
  own
• Facts (e.g. marriage license in public records)?
• Personal information (e.g. your date of birth)?
• Freedom of speech
• Prohibiting communication of information may
  violate the ??? Amendment.

Q When does protecting privacy conflict with
freedom of speech?
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Protecting Privacy Law and Regulation

• EU (European Union) Privacy Regulation
• Key points
• Limited collection of personal data.
• Data must be up-to-date and destroyed when no
  longer needed.
• Consent for sharing data is required.
• Sensitive data (e.g. religion) can only be
  provided with consent.
• Notify consumers about the collection and
  intended purpose of data.
• Restricted access and sharing of criminal
  convictions.

Q Can the EUs privacy regulations work in the
US? Indonesia ?