Title: Study Guide
1Study Guide
2Geography 1
- Page xxxii
- Is the study of the earth and its features.
- Climate, location, landforms, resources,
environment.
3Jobs of historical scientists pg. 5 2
- Archaeologists learn about early people by
studying bones and artifacts of early people - Paleontologist study fossils of plants and
animals who once lived - Anthropologists study culture of early people
by studying artifacts from archaeological digs - Geologists study the land and its changes over
time.
4Fossils and artifacts 14
- Fossils are imprints of plants and animals found
in rocks and are studied by paleontologists. - Artifacts are man made objects from the past,
found by archaeologists and studied by
anthropologist to learn how people once lived.
5Old Stone Age 3 and 9
- Also called the Paleolithic Age lasted from 2.5
million to 8,000 B.C. - During this time period people were nomads who
hunted and gathered for their food. - Accomplishments included
- Invention of tools, mastery of fire, and
development of language
6New Stone Age 4
- Neolithic Age began about 8000 B.C. and ended
about 3000 B.C. with the invention of Bronze. - Accomplishments polish stone tools, make
pottery, grow crops and raise animals
(domestication)
7Timeline of life on Earth 6 and 7
- Human remains were first found on the continent
of Africa about 4 to 5 million years ago - Earth is formed about 4.4 billion years ago
- 240 million years ago dinosaurs appear
- 65 million years ago dinosaurs become extinct
and first mammals appear.
8Prehistory 10
- Before writing was invented and when history must
be gathered from evidence like bones and
artifacts (cave art), but no written record
actually exists from the time.
9Characteristics of a Civilization pg 2111
- Complex Institutions
- Advanced Cities
- Specialized workers
- Record Keeping
- Advanced Technology
10River Valleys pg 29 12 and 24
- Civilizations developed along river valleys
because rich soil from silt deposits allowed for
very successful farming. - Rivers provided irrigation for the crops without
reliance on only rainwater. - First civilization in Sumer around 3000 B.C.
11Gilgamesh 16
- One of the first discovered pieces of written
literature, written on cuneiform about a
legendary king of Uruk named Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh
was a Sumerian King.
12First civilization 24
- Sumerians in Mesopotamia (land between two
rivers) - First system of writing developed by the
Sumerians was cuneiform
13Rosetta Stone 29
- 1799 French troops discover a stone in Rosetta,
Egypt with both Greek and two forms of
hieroglyphics. This discovery helped scientists
decode hieroglypics.
14First uniform code of laws 22
- Hammurabis Code recognized that a single
uniform code of law would unify a diverse groups
within his empire. - Eye for and Eye
- Different classes treated differently
- Stone is in British Museum
15Government 23
- Rule by the people
- Direct democracy each citizen votes for all
decisions - Republic each citizens votes for its
representatives
16Egypt 25,26,27
- Delta broad marshy area, triangular shaped area
of land formed by deposits of silt at the mouth
of the river. - Papyrus Papyrus reeds grew along the Nile and
Egyptians split the reeds and created the first
paper like surface for writing. - Hieroglyphics- system of writing developed by the
Egyptians
17Egypt 28
- Mummification Egyptians believed in the
afterlife and believed that the body and its
belongings would be carried off into the
afterlife. A very time consuming process allowed
bodies to be preserved until today for scientists
to examine and study.
18Primary source 30
- Primary source is something from the time period
being studied written by a person who witnessed
the event first hand - Diary entry, newspaper article, personal account
19Natural barriers protected Egypt31
- Deserts on both sides of the Nile
20Why did city-states develop in Greece? 32
- Mountainous terrain (geographic feature) isolated
many areas of Greece from each other and separate
city-states developed with their own governments.
21Minoans Civilization 33
- Developed on the island of Crete
22Spartans vs. Athenians 34
- Trait most admired by Spartans was physical
strength while Athenians most admired art,
literature and education
23Events in Ancient Greece 35 and 36
- Trojan War
- Dorian invasion
- Persian War
- Golden Age of Greece and Delian League
- Peloponnesian War
24Hellenistic Culture 37
- Alexander the Greats Empire included all of the
following cultures Indian, Persian, Egyptian and
Greek. Hellenistic Culture blends all of these
cultures together.
25Trojan War 38
- War between city of Troy and Mycenaeans. During
the 1200s B.C. the Mycenaeans fought a 10 year
war against Troy because a Trojan prince had
kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of the Greek
king.
26Homer 39
- 1150 B.C. to 759 B.C. Dorians invade Greece and
the art of writing disappears for 200 years - Homer a blind Greek storyteller composed two epic
poems called the ILLIAD and the Odyssey which
tell about the Trojan War and a soldiers ten
year journey home from the war.
27Punic Wars 40
- Carthage and Rome both wanted to control the
Mediterranean Sea. They both came to odds about
264 B.C.
28Results of the Punic Wars 41
- Carthage was burned
- Citizens of Carthage were killed or made slaves
- Rome gained control of North Africa, Sicily,
Sardinia, Greece, Spain
29Julius Caesar 42
- Military leader who formed the First Triumvirate
with Crassus and Pompey. - Assassinated in 44 B.C. by fellow senators
- He ruled Rome as an absolute ruler
- and officially ended the
- Roman Republic and
- began the Roman
- Empire
30Pax Romana 43
- Augustus, Julius Caesars nephew gained power in
27 B.C. His rule began a period of 200 year peace
for Rome.
31Aqueduct 44
- Using arches technology Romans invented a system
to deliver clean water to its cities which
improved the health of many.
32Pompeii 45
In 79 A.D. Mount Vesuvius erupted violently and
buried the entire city of Pompeii creating a
world stopped in time. Many historians study
Pompeii To learn exactly how ancient Romans lived.
33Grecco Roman Culture 46
- Blending of Greek, Roman and Hellenistic Culture
which is the basis of Western Civilization even
today.
34Roman Road System 47
Appian Way is one such road
- A system of roads built by the Romans
- Linked a vast empire
- Provided a way to move the legions
- Provided a way for farmers to deliver their crops
to the cities
35Decline of the Roman Empire 48
- Increasing invasions from borders
- Inflation
- Lack of loyalty among Romans
- No more war treasures
- Disruption of trade
- Capital moved to Constantinople
- and split of empire into east and west
- Low funds for troops
36Constantinople 49
- In 300 A.C. Emperor Constantine moves the capital
of Rome to Constantinople. Located near the
entrance to the Black Sea, called Bosporus Strait
and modern day Turkey.
37Bosporus Strait is location Of Constantinople Now
called Istanbul
38Decline of Roman Empire 50
- Invasion of Germanic Tribes
- Huns, a group of Mongol nomads, Attila is their
leader invade east and western empire
39Attila the Hun 51
- In 444 A.D. the Huns united under a powerful
chieftain named Attila. They attacked both east
and western parts of the Roman Empire but failed
to scale the high walls of Constantinople. - Attila died in 453 A.D. and the invasions ended.
40Inflation 52
- Prices rise as the value of money declines. Rome
suffered from inflation which was one cause of
its eventual decline.
41Phalanx, Patrician, Plebian and Legion 53
- Phalanx Greek military formation
- Patrician Rich Roman
- Plebian Common person in Rome
- Legion Military formation of 5,000 troops used
by the Romans
42Roman Law 54
- Equal treatment under the law
- Innocent until proven guilty
- Burden of proof rests on the accuser not the
accused. - Any unfair laws can be put aside
- Basis of the legal system in the U.S. and many
European countries today