History of Marine Science

1
History of Marine Science

• Lecture 2

2
Ponce de Leon

• found the gulf stream by accident en-route to
  Cuba.

3
John Harrison

• In 1760, he solved the problem of calculating
  longitude.

4
James Cook

• In 1786, James Cooks 3 voyages discovered
  Australia, New Zealand and circumnavigated
  Antarctica. He and his crew were killed in Hawaii.

5
Ben Franklin.

• named and mapped the Gulf Stream while serving as
  Postmaster general for the colonies

6
Matthew Fountaine Maury

• The Father of Oceanography.
• He published the first oceanography text as a
  military tool for use during the Civil War.

Pathfinder of the Seas
7
The Birth of Oceanography

• 1872, HMS Challenger was the first scientific
  voyage. It lasted only 3 years, but took 20 years
  to analyze the data collected.

8
The First School

• In 1900, Prince Albert of Monaco established the
  first Oceanographic School.

9
The Titanic Disaster

• 1912 - April 15, the White Star Liner Titanic
  sinks with horrendous loss of life after striking
  an iceberg in the North Atlantic Ocean. This
  leads to a concerted effort to devise an acoustic
  means of discovering objects in the water forward
  of the bow of a moving vessel.

10
Meteor Explorations.

• 1925-1927 - The German Meteor expedition
  systematically surveys the South Atlantic with
  echo-sounding equipment and other oceanographic
  instruments, proving beyond a doubt the
  continuity of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
• made 14 crossings
• of the Atlantic Ocean

11
William Beebe

• made a descent of 3028 ft. in the first
  bathysphere in 1934.

12
Cousteau

• During WWII, Cousteau invented SCUBA and many
  other devices that opened the ocean to millions.

13
1950 IGY, International Geophysical Year
Studied the Indian Ocean
14
Trieste (bathyscaphe)

• Descended 36,000 ft. into the Mariana Trench in
  the Pacific the deepest depth in the ocean.

15
Project FAMOUS

• (French American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study) and
  Deep Sea Drilling Project researched plate
  tectonics with the ship, Glomar Challenger.

16
Satellite

• 1978 SEASAT satellite launched for measuring
  global surface temperature, bio-productivity,
  and wave heights.

17
JOIDES

• 1987- Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth
  Sampling drilled on the ocean floor at a depth of
  27,000 ft. and went 1000 ft. into the ocean floor
  sediments.

18
GPS

• 1990s Global Positioning Satellites were
  opened for public access.

19
International Year of the Ocean 1998

• By declaration of the United Nations, The purpose
  of YOTO is to promote public awareness and
  understanding of the oceans, a dominant aspect of
  the environment.

20
Ocean Act of 2000 passed by Congress on July 25,
2000, and signed into law by the President on
August 7, 2000.

• To establish a commission to make recommendations
  for a coordinated and comprehensive national
  ocean policy that will promote
• (1) protection of life and property(2)
  stewardship of ocean and coastal resources(3)
  protection of marine environment and prevention
  of marine pollution(4) enhancement of maritime
  commerce(5) expansion of human knowledge of the
  marine environment(6) investments in
  technologies to promote energy and food
  security(7) close cooperation among government
  agencies(8) U.S. leadership in ocean and coastal
  activities.

21
Ocean Literacy

• 2005, NOAA publishes Ocean Literacy Standards to
  address the importance of Ocean Education.
• Ocean literacy is an understanding of the oceans
  influence on you and your influence on the ocean.
• An ocean-literate person understands- the
  essential principles and fundamental concepts,-
  can communicate about the oceans in a meaningful
  way,- is able to make informed and responsible
  decisions regarding the oceans and its resources.
• In this course we intend to make you Ocean
  Literate and More!!!