THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR

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THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR

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No More War!

• At the end of WWI
• League of Nations formed
• In hopes of preventing war
• World War II brought the end of the League
• After WWII new international organization formed
• to better address future aggression

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United Nations

• Began in 1945 with a meeting of 50 countries in
  San Francisco
• China, France, USSR, UK, US are permanent
  members of Security Council

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At center of Cold War

• The crux was that there was now 2 world powers
• They came from completely opposite spheres
• Never understanding the other
• Republican/democratic ideals
• Communist w/crushing memories
• Monarchy aristocracy who lived off the rest
• Recent past invasion

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The Cold War Begins

• Issues Dividing US USSR
• Control of postwar Europe
• Economic aid
• Nuclear disarmament

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The Division of Europe

• 1945
• USSR occupied east Europe
• US troops occupied west Europe

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• Soviet Union sought east Euro buffer zone
• For protection against invasion
• Stalin converted east Europe into a system of
  satellite nations

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• U.S. demanded national self-determination through
  free elections thru-out Europe

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Beginnings of Post-War Conflict

• USSR
• History of invasion
• Wanted buffer zone
• Gained control over E. Germany, Poland,
  Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria
• They became the Iron Curtain

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War Aims WartimeDiplomacy

• Russia claimed east Euro as prize for conquest of
  Germany
• US sought collective security arrangement
• incl the United Nations
• Yalta, Potsdam conferences clarify US, USSR
  differences

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Division Began in Berlin
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USSR Stalin

• Joseph Stalin
• Premier after Lenin
• Suspected of killing lts than the Nazis
• Up to 30 million
• Regime brutal

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Withholding Economic Aid

• USSR devastated by World War II
• US could have influenced w/Lend-Lease economic
  aid
• 1945--United States halted Lend-Lease
• Before USSR settlement
• Leverage lost in shaping Soviet policy

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The Atomic Dilemma

• 1943--Nuclear race btwn US USSR
• 1946--Baruch Plan
• Rapid reduction of U.S. military force
• Gradual reduction favored US atomic monopoly

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Atomic Dilemma, 2

• Soviet Union
• Larger conventional army than U.S.
• Favored immediate abolition of atomic weapons

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Containment

• New era of foreign policy ideology
• calls for containment of Russias expansive
  tendencies

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Turkey Greece

• Upheaval in both countries started alarm bells in
  the US
• Fears that communism would spread to these
  countries
• Pushed US toward a harder line on the spread of
  communism

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The Truman Doctrine

• 1947
• Truman pressed for funds to keep Greece Turkey
  in western sphere of influence

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Truman Doctrine

• Truman Doctrine
• stop spread of communism
• Became an informal declaration of cold war
  against the Soviet Union
• Meanwhileback in Europe

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The Marshall Plan

• Europe devastated by War
• 1947
• George Marshall proposed aid for rebuilding
  European industries

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Marshall Plan

• USSR refused aid
• 1948--Marshall Plan adopted by Congress
• Plan fostered west Euro prosperity

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The Western Military Alliance

• NATO formed
• 1949
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Military alliance included US, Canada, most of
  west Euro

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NATO

• US troops stationed in Europe
• NATO intensified USSRs fear of the West

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The Berlin Blockade

• June, 1948--USSR blockaded Berlin
• Truman ordered airlift to supply the city
• 1949--USSR ended blockade
• US political victory dramatized division

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Berlin Airlift
Notice that Berlin is far in the interior of East
Germany
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Planes landed/took off every 90 seconds
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The Cold War Expanded

• 1947--US-USSR arms race accelerated
• Conflict expanded to Asia

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Military Added to the Mix
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The Military Dimension

• 1947--National Security Act created
• Department of Defense
• Central Intelligence Agency
• National Security Council
• Defense budget devoted to air power

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Department of Defense

• All Armed Services united into one department
• Created Secretary of Defense Joint Chiefs

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Central Intelligence Agency

• Created to gather info outside the US
• Before longcovert actions around the globe
• Pretext of protecting democracy

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National Security Council

• Created under the Act
• Advises President
• Secretaries of Defense, Intelligence members

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Raising the Threat Level

• 1949
• first Russian atomic bomb tested
• US began hydrogen bomb development

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All this brought worry

• How to control the worry and anxiety?
• Civil Defense program reinforced
• Govt knew that if people were given instructions
  on how to survive they would be less fearful
  feel empowered

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• Americans sought emergency shelter
• Civil defense shelters
• Home bomb shelters

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Bomb Shelters
And Homemade
In cities towns
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Protecting Children?

• Bert the Turtle told young Americans to Duck
  and Cover
• While by todays standards this film seems
  ridiculous
• It became part of the larger effort to educate
  Americans

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The Cold War in Asia

• 1945
• US consolidated hold on Japan
• former possessions in Pacific

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The Cold War in Asia

• 1949 end of Chinese Civil War
• Victory of Mao Tse-tung brought China into Soviet
  orbit
• Truman refused recognition of Communist China
• began build up Japan

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Cold War Goes Hot

• 1950-1953
• June, 1950
• Communist North Korean forces
• invaded US-influenced South Korea

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Korea
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The Korean War

• Truman made South Koreas defense UN effort, sent
  US troops
• US routs Korean forces in South
• Attempt to unify Korea draws in China
• US pushed back to South
• War a stalemate
• Result--massive American rearmament

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Cold War at Home
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The Cold War at Home

• New Deal economic policies undermined
• Fears of Communist subversion rise
• Republicans use anticommunism to revive their
  party

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Truman's Troubles

• Obstacles to Trumans Fair Deal reforms
• Apathetic public
• Inflation
• Labor unrest
• 1946--Republicans win Congress

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Truman Vindicated

• 1948--Thomas Dewey versus Truman
• Southern Democrats, Northern liberals desert
• Roosevelt coalition reelects Truman on domestic
  issues
• Republicans respond by challenging Trumans
  handling of the Cold War

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The Loyalty Issue

• Fear of Communist subversion
• Truman admin conducted campaign against
  subversives
• Democrats blamed for
• "losing" China to Communism
• USSR development of hydrogen bomb

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Communist Fear McCarthy

• 1950
• Senator Joseph McCarthy
• launched anticommunist campaign
• Became modern day witch hunt

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Fear McCarthy

• In the 40s 50s rising fear of Communism
• McCarthy charged lt200 Communists infiltrated US
• Held public hearing charging entertainers,
  educators, avg citizens as agitators
• good film Good Night Good Luck

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McCarthyism in Action

• Innocent overwhelmed by accusations
• Attacked privileged bureaucrats
• supported by Midwest Republicans
• attracted
• Irish
• Italian
• Polish workers to Republicans

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The Republicans in Power

• 1952--Eisenhower captured White House for Repub
  Party
• July 27, 1953--stalemate accepted in Korea
• Eisenhower dealt passively w/McCarthy
• December, 1954--McCarthy censured
• Ruined too many lives

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Eisenhower Waged the Cold War

• Eisenhower relaxed tensions with USSR
• Eisenhowers fears
• Debt imposed by defense spending
• Possibility of atomic warfare

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World Wide Entanglements
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Entanglement in Indochina

• Eisenhower refused military aid for French
  colonial Indochina
• Victory of Communist Ho Chi Minh prompts
  intervention
• Vietnam divided
• South Vietnam under US puppet regime

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Containing China

• Tough line against China
• Hoped to drive wedge btwn China USSR
• Strategy ultimately worked
• Effects not immediately apparent

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Turmoil in the Middle East

• 1956--Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal
• France, England invade Egypt
• Eisenhower won Middle East trust by pressuring
  English French w/drawal
• 1958--Lebanon invites US troops to maintain order

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Covert Actions

• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used to achieve
  covert objectives
• Iran--CIA restored the Shah to power
• Guatemala--CIA ousted leftist govt
• Cuba--CIA attempted assassination of Castro

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Waging Peace

• October, 1957
• USSR launched Sputnik
• Suddenly the world became a much smaller
• seemingly a more dangerous place

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New Leadership, USSR

• Nikita Khrushchev
• 1955 new leader
• To Americans on the launch of Sputnik,
• Your children will live under communism

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Castro Takes Control in Cuba

• Cuban revolutionary
• Degree from U. of Havana/law
• Could have played baseball in NYC
• With support of peasants ousted Batista
• US supported dictator
• Revolution became Marxist
• Only successful Socialist state

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U2 Incident

• May 1, 1960
• 2 wks before meeting btw Eisenhower Khrushchev
• Shot down U2 spy plane pilot Gary Powers
• Eisenhowers peace efforts gone

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Ongoing Tensions

• January, 1961--Eisenhower warned against growing
  military-industrial complex
• Post-war era marked by Cold War rather than peace
  tranquility

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For a little fun grade

• Type in the following web address
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vrvChsvdPGjA
• If for some reason this does not work
• Go to youtube.com
• In the search box type in
• Duck and Cover, Civil Defense Film (1951)
• Watch the film its just under 10 minutes

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After you watch the video

• Send me an email amartin_at_jscc.edu
• In the email briefly tell me your reaction to the
  video
• How would you characterize this film?
• What type of film is it? Does it look like other
  film youve seen?
• Do you think it was successful?
• What did you think of this govt film for children?

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