Key Concepts Ch. 23

1
Key Concepts Ch. 23

• Human land use

• Types and uses of US public lands

• Forests and forest management

• Implications of deforestation

• Management of parks

• Establishment and management of nature preserves

• Importance of ecological restoration

2
Land Use in the World
Fig. 23-2 p. 595
3
Land Use in the United States
Fig. 23-3 p. 595
4
Types of US Public Lands

• Multiple-use lands National Forests National
  Resource Lands

• Moderately-restricted use lands National
  Wildlife Refuges

• Restricted-use lands National Park System
  National Wilderness Preservation System

5
US Public Lands
Fig. 23-4 p. 596
6
Managing US Public Land

• Biodiversity and ecological function

• No subsidies or tax breaks for use

• Public should get fair compensation

• Users held responsible for actions

• Takings and property rights

7
Managing and Sustaining Forests
Ecological Importance of Forests

• Food webs and energy flow

• Water regulation

• Local and regional climate

• Numerous habitats and niches

• Air purification

8
Managing and Sustaining Forests
Economic Importance of Forests

• Fuelwood (50 of global forest use)

• Industrial timber and lumber

• Pulp and paper

• Medicines

• Mineral extraction and recreation

9
Forest Structure
Fig. 23-9 p. 601
10
Types of Forests

• Old-growth (frontier) forests

• Second-growth forests

• Tree farms/plantation

Fig. 23-18 p. 609
11
Forest Management

• Rotation cycle

• Even-aged management

• Industrial forestry

• Uneven-aged management

• Improved diversity

• Sustainable production

• Multiple-use

12
Management Strategies
Fig. 23-11 p. 601
Fig. 23-12 p. 602
13
Logging Roads

• Increased erosion and runoff

• Habitat fragmentation

• Pathways for exotic species

• Accessibility to humans

Fig. 23-13 p. 602
14
Harvesting Trees

• Selective cutting

• High-grading

• Shelterwood cutting

• Seed-tree cutting

• Clearcutting

• Strip cutting

Fig. 23-14 p. 603
15
Sustainable Forestry

• Longer rotations

• Selective or strip cutting

• Minimize fragmentation

• Improved road building techniques

• Certified sustainable grown(See Solutions p. 598)

16
Pathogens
Fungal Diseases

• Chestnut blight

• Dutch elm disease

Insect Pests

• Bark beetles

• Gypsy moth

17
Fire

• Surface fires

• Crown fires

18
Forest Resources and Management in the United
States

• Habitat for threatened and endangered species

• Water purification services

• Recreation

• 3 of timber harvest

• Sustainable yield and multiple use

• Substitutes for tree products

19
Tropical Deforestation

• Rapid and increasing

• Loss of biodiversity

• Cultural extinction

• Unsustainable agriculture and ranching

• Clearing for cash crop plantations

• Commercial logging

• Fuelwood

20
Degradation of Tropical Forests
Fig. 23-22 p. 615
21
Reducing Tropical Deforestation

• Identification of critical ecosystems

• Reducing poverty and population growth

• Sustainable tropical agriculture

• Encourage protection of large tracts

• Debt-for-nature swaps

• Less destructive harvesting methods

22
The Fuelwood Crisis

• Planting fast-growing fuelwood plants

• Burning wood more efficiently

• Switching to other fuels

Fig. 23-25 p. 618
23
Managing and Sustaining National Parks

• Most parks are too small to maintain biodiversity

• Invasion by exotic species

• Popularity a major problem

• Traffic jams and air pollution

• Visitor impact (noise)

• Natural regulation

• Better pay for park staff

24
Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature
Reserves

• Include some moderate disturbance

• Sustain natural ecological processes

• Protect most important areas

• Buffer zones

• Gap analysis

See Solutions p. 625

• Wilderness areas

25
Ecological Restoration

• Ecological restoration

• Restoration ecology

• Rehabilitation

See Individuals Matter p. 630

• Replacement

• Creating artificial ecosystems

• Natural restoration

26
Key Concepts Ch. 24

• Economic and ecological importance

• Effects of human activities

• Protecting and sustaining aquatic diversity

• Protecting and sustaining fisheries

• Protecting and restoring wetlands

27
The Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity

• Coral reefs

• Estuaries

• Deep ocean floor

• Food items

Fig. 24-2 p. 636

• Many chemicals

• Medicines and drugs

28
Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity

• Species loss and endangerment

• Marine habitat loss and degradation

• Freshwater habitat loss and degradation

• Overfishing

• Nonnative species

• Pollution and global warming

29
Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity

• Protect endangered and threatened species

• Establish protected areas

• Integrated coastal management

• Regulating and preventing ocean pollution

• Sustainable management of marine fisheries

30
Managing and Sustaining the Worlds Marine
Fisheries

• Fishery regulations

• Economic approaches

• Bycatch reduction

• Protected areas

See Spotlight p. 650

• Nonnative species

• Consumer information

• Aquaculture

31
Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Wetlands

• Regulations

• Mitigation banking

• Land use planning

• Wetlands restoration

• Control of invasive species

See Individuals Matter p. 652
32
Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Lakes

• Pollution

• Invasive species

• Water levels

• Cultural eutrophication

33
Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Rivers

• Pollution

• Disruption of water flow

• Loss of biodiversity

• Invasive species