SETTING AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AND VEHICULAR EMISSION STANDARDS: DHAKA

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SETTING AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AND VEHICULAR
EMISSION STANDARDS DHAKAS EXPERIENCE

• Mohammed Nasiruddin
• Project Director
• Air Quality Management Project
• Dhaka, Bangladesh

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• Dhaka is the eighth largest megacity of the world
  and home to 12.75 million people living in an
  area of 1353km2.
• Air pollution is emerging as a major problem in
  Dhaka and other cities of Bangladesh.
• The main sources of air pollution in Dhaka are
  vehicles, industries particularly brick kilns,
  resuspended dust and biomass burning
• Being the 8th largest mega city of the world it
  witnessed a very fast growth of urban population
  in recent times which contributed to rising
  demand for transport services, mainly the road
  transport.
• There has been a steep rise in the heterogeneous
  mix of old technology vehicles on the city roads
  despite that the road space is narrowing and
  traffic congestion reached to an unmanageable
  proportion.

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• Nearly 4,00,000 vehicles now ply on Dhaka city
  roads everyday of which about 3,00,000 are
  motorized vehicles that contribute most to
  deteriorating Dhakas air quality.
• Contributing factors for vehicular emission in
  Dhaka are poor fuel quality, poorly maintained
  vehicles, inadequate transport infrastructure,
  lack of proper transport planning and management
• PM 2.5 is the controlling pollutant of Dhakas
  air quality during 90 days of the year.
• A World Bank study says nearly 2x105 tons air
  pollutants are emitted from motor vehicles alone.
  
• Another World Bank study says as many as 15000
  deaths, a million cases of major illness and 8.5
  million cases of minor illness are caused by air
  pollution in Dhaka and three other cities of
  Bangladesh.

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• Dhaka citys traffic problems and ambient air
  quality condition had reached such a crisis
  proportion that the challenge of sustaining
  economic growth and ensuring reasonable quality
  of life has become tougher.
• Deteriorating traffic and air pollution
  conditions had prompted the government to find
  urgent solutions.

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• At this backdrop the government in 2000 undertook
  the Air Quality Management Project with financial
  assistance of the World Bank.
• The primary objective of the project is to
  develop components of an air quality management
  system and to reduce human exposure to vehicular
  air pollution in Dhaka city only. The project
  activities subsequently extended to five
  Divisional towns under an extended monitoring
  programme.

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• The key components of the projects are
• improved enforcement, setting appropriate
  standards, piloting of pollution control
  technologies for diesel vehicles, better
  monitoring and dissemination of information, and
  air quality management assessment and strategy
  formulation.

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Air Quality In Dhaka

• AQMPs CAM Station results for Particulate Matter
  monitoring significantly exceed US EPA guidelines
  and other international standards.
• BAEC has estimated that the transport related
  fraction of PM10 is around 27 on a yearly
  average, rising to as much as 41 in the dry
  months.
• Diesel exhaust emissions are now considered a
  probable human carcinogen.
• If not managed, gaseous pollutant concentrations
  (CO, NOx, etc) could become a problem in the
  future.

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Contribution of Vehicle Types to Emissions in
Dhaka
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Contribution of various types of vehicle to
emissions in Dhaka

• Petrol-driven light duty vehicles and
  auto-rickshaws contributes 85 CO
• Diesel buses and trucks contribute about 84 of
  total NOx
• TTW auto rickshaws contribute about half of total
  unburned HC from all vehicles
• Diesel buses and trucks contribute about 45 and
  auto-rickshaws 40 of total PM emissions
• SO2 emissions from vehicles are not very
  significant compared to other pollutants.

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Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka
Sl. No. Type of Vehicles Before 1995 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total
1 Motor Car 36998 6923 8386 6528 4984 4330 2452 5560 5542 6163 4734 5633 98233
2 Jeep/St.Wangon/Microbus 17937 1556 1387 1492 1438 1371 910 1579 2911 1810 2114 3303 37808
3 Taxi 787 25 35 14 102 215 348 762 2101 4980 523 514 10406
4 Bus 269 145 73 58 184 224 202 453 632 374 779 728 4121
5 Minibus 2009 324 167 397 300 215 242 831 1924 1051 368 118 7946
6 Truck 9775 802 615 834 1681 855 1635 890 1127 2128 1437 1104 22883
7 Auto-rickshaw/Auto-tempo 8359 7301 4615 1902 1689 682 1881 75 2616 7996 2344 139 39599
8 Human Haller 673 136 20 829
9 Coverd Van 527 .. 527
10 Motor-Cycle 61478 4427 4027 5346 4992 5330 8768 8590 9102 7239 7872 12879 140050
11 Others 2063 878 828 310 196 1326 819 1825 1012 3257 1300 2361 16175
  Total 139675 22381 20133 16881 15566 14548 17257 20565 26967 35671 22134 26799 378577

26,429 Two-Stroke Three-wheeler(Auto-rickshaw/Auto-tempo) removed from Dhaka. 26,429 Two-Stroke Three-wheeler(Auto-rickshaw/Auto-tempo) removed from Dhaka. 26,429 Two-Stroke Three-wheeler(Auto-rickshaw/Auto-tempo) removed from Dhaka. 26,429 Two-Stroke Three-wheeler(Auto-rickshaw/Auto-tempo) removed from Dhaka. 26,429 Two-Stroke Three-wheeler(Auto-rickshaw/Auto-tempo) removed from Dhaka. 26,429 Two-Stroke Three-wheeler(Auto-rickshaw/Auto-tempo) removed from Dhaka. 26,429 Two-Stroke Three-wheeler(Auto-rickshaw/Auto-tempo) removed from Dhaka. 26,429 Two-Stroke Three-wheeler(Auto-rickshaw/Auto-tempo) removed from Dhaka.
Human Hallers are included in others row (Sl. No. 11) Human Hallers are included in others row (Sl. No. 11) Human Hallers are included in others row (Sl. No. 11) Human Hallers are included in others row (Sl. No. 11) Human Hallers are included in others row (Sl. No. 11) Human Hallers are included in others row (Sl. No. 11) Human Hallers are included in others row (Sl. No. 11) Human Hallers are included in others row (Sl. No. 11)
Covered Van are included in others row (Sl. No. 11) Covered Van are included in others row (Sl. No. 11) Covered Van are included in others row (Sl. No. 11) Covered Van are included in others row (Sl. No. 11) Covered Van are included in others row (Sl. No. 11) Covered Van are included in others row (Sl. No. 11) Covered Van are included in others row (Sl. No. 11) Covered Van are included in others row (Sl. No. 11)
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Key issues identified in respect of Vehicle
Emission Control

• - Poor fuel quality
• - Many of the vehicles ply on the road are
  very old, worn out, poorly maintained and often
  overloaded
• Poor inspection and maintenance
• Poor enforcement of existing laws in the MV
  ordinance
• Street congestion due to mixed traffic
• Inadequate facilities for manually driven
  tricycle rickshaws
• Poor traffic management
• Poor traffic signaling system
• Lack of pavement for street walkers
• Preponderance of pre-Euro vehicles on the roads
• 
  more..

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• - Bus route overlapping
• - Unscientific method of allocating route permit
• Lack of interdepartmental coordination
• Poor urban transport governance

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Vehicle Emission Standards in place before June
2005 in Bangladesh
1 Measured at 2/3 of maximum rotating speed
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• Why VES was necessary?
• The shortcomings of the existing VES were
  identified so as to fill in the lacunae while
  framing new standards for effective pollution
  abatement
• Common emission standard irrespective of in-use,
  newly imported, reconditioned diesel and petrol
  vehicles.
• No separate emission standard for CNG vehicles
• No survey was done before framing emission
  standard.
• Mass emission limits and volume limits had no
  correspondence with each other
• Methods of examining emission was not mentioned

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Objectives of VES

• To reduce the adverse effects of vehicle
  emissions on human health
• CO, NOx, O3, PM and SO2 management for
  sustainable environment

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Steps followed for revision of emission standards

• Emission tests performed on 1500 petrol/octane
  and CNG and 500 diesel run vehicles.
• Comprehensive review of vehicle emission
  standards in other countries within the region
  and beyond
• Prepared draft emission standard and circulated
  to different stakeholders for seeking their
  opinion.
• Discussions with stakeholders and regular
  meetings were held to hammer out standards
• Technical workshop held on draft VES.
• Workshop recommendations incorporated and placed
  before the DTAC meeting after refinement.
• Draft VES placed before AQMAC meeting and
  subsequently to Parliamentary Standing Committee
  on MoEF
• Contd.

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• A mid term review of the AQM jointly conducted by
  GOB and WB.
• Revised VES placed before inter ministerial
  committee.
• Sent to the MoLPA for vetting and publication in
  the gazette.
• New VES gazetted in June 2005

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How new VES is different from previous one?

• The new VES came with-
• Standards for new and imported used vehicles
• Standard for in-use vehicles
• Bangladesh-1 for diesel vehicles
• Bangladesh-II for petrol and CNG vehicles
• The new VES is an advancement over the old one.
  It was
• intended with primary objective to ensure that
  advances in
• pollution control technology are implemented and
• progressively lower fleet vehicle emissions are
  achieved over
• a period of time.

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New Vehicular Emission
Standards (VES)

• Schedule 6 (Ka) to Schedule 6(Cha)
• Schedule-6 of the Environmental Conservation
  Rules, 1997 has been replaced by the following
  schedules 6(Ka), 6(Kha), 6(Ga), 6(Gha), 6(Uma)
  and 6(Cha).

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Schedule -6(Ka)Emission standards for new
locally made and new and imported used diesel
driven vehicles.
( Refer to Rules 4 12) (Bangladesh-1)
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Schedule -6(Ka) Emission standards for new
locally made and new and imported used diesel
driven vehicles.
(Continued)
Heavy Duty Vehicles (More than 15 seats in
addition to driver GVW more than 3.5 ton)
For the diesel engines with 85kW or less
power the limit is to be increased by a factor of
to 1.7.
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Schedule -6(Kha) Emission standards for new
locally made and new and imported used petrol and
CNG driven vehicles.
(Refer to Rules 4 12) (Bangladesh -2)
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Schedule -6(Kha) Emission standards for new
locally made and new and imported used petrol and
CNG driven vehicles.(Continued)
Heavy Duty Vehicles (More than 15 seats in
addition to driver GVW more than 3.5 ton)
Applicable for CNG driven vehicles
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Schedule 6 (Ga) Emission inspection standards
for new locally made and new and imported used
light, Medium duty and heavy duty (Petrol,
Diesel and CNG driven) Vehicles (during
registration)
(Refer to Rules 4 12)
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Schedule- 6(Gha) Emission Standards for
In-Service Vehicles registered after 1st July
2004.
(Refer to Rules 4 12)
Note Idle Speed RPM specified by the
manufacturer.
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Schedule- 6(Uma) Emission Standards for
In-Service Petrol and CNG Vehicles registered
after July 1, 2004.
( Refer to Rules 4 12)
Note Idle Speed RPM specified by the
manufacturer.
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Schedule 6(Cha) Emission Standards for
In-Service Diesel Vehicle registered after July
1,2004.
(Refer to Rules 4 12)
General instruction Importer must submit
Emission Compliance Certificate from an
internationally recognized independent agency at
the time of clearance of the imported vehicles
under schedule 6 (Ka) or 6(Kha) as relevant to
the vehicle type.
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Implementation of VES for New Registration
Vehicles

• Government regulations/motor vehicle rules
• notifying Standards and Test Procedure
• Emission Certification by an Approved Laboratory
  for a vehicle model
• Periodic testing for conformity of production
  vehicles

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View of an Emission Test Facility
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In Service Vehicles Emission Inspection
Maintenance

• 20 to 30 of total vehicles, which are Gross
  Polluters contribute 70 to 80 of total
  vehicular emissions
• For real reduction in pollution In-Service
  Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance (I
  M) is essential
• Most countries have mandatory I M

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InService Vehicles Emission Inspection
Maintenance (contd)

• Purpose
• To Assure that vehicle is properly maintained and
  used
• Identify dirtiest (gross polluters) vehicles and
  get them repaired
• Benefits
• Lower emissions and better fuel economy
• Deterrent to tampering and misfuelling

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In-Service Vehicles I M

• Inspection Maintenance are two Separate
  Functions to be done by Different Agencies
• Government to conduct Inspection only
• Maintenance in private ownership
• Simple and low cost inspection tests required

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Inspection Tests ( No Load Tests)

• Petrol Vehicles
• - Idle CO mostly
• - Idle HC also in some countries
• Idle NOx is negligible, hence not measured
• Diesel Vehicles
• - Free Acceleration Test for black Smoke
• No Load COHC are too low for diesel, not
  measured

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Bangladesh Emission Standards for In-Service
Vehicles

• AQMP started collection of emission data from
  different types of vehicles
• Emission measurement from about 1500 Petrol and
  500 Diesel vehicles planned all over Dhaka
• Emission standards to be fixed to allow failure
  of only about 20 vehicles
• Standards expected by Dec. 2002

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Measurement of in-use vehicle emissions
Diesel vehicles Smoke
Petrol Vehicles CO and HC
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Implementation of VES for In-Service Vehicles

• Government issue gazette notification
• Mandatory Annual/Half Yearly Inspection by BRTA
  Test Lanes
• Roadside emission inspection as spot checks at
  DOE Check Posts
• Failed Vehicles to be re-inspected after repairs
  by the operator procedure/system to be
  developed

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Emissions and Fuel Quality
Matching Engine Fuel
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Automotive Fuel Consumption in Bangladesh, MT
Fuel Indigenous Imported Total
Petrol 100,000 200,000 300,000
Diesel 380,000 1,700,000 2,080,000
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Fuel Quality Issues

• Enable efficient functioning and durability of
  emission control devices viz. Cat. Conv.
• Petrol Lead free, low sulphur
• Diesel Low sulfur for Cat convertor
• Reduce direct contribution to pollutants e.g.,
  benzene, Evap. HC, sulfates (PM)
• Petrol Benzene, RVP (Evaporative HC)
• Diesel Sulfur (Increases PM)

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Fuel Quality Issues (contd.)

• Ensure efficient combustion
• Petrol Volatility, Octane Number
• Diesel Volatility, Cetane Number
• Keep fuel system clean for efficient engine
  operation and less maintenance
• Deposit control additives, Oxidation and storage
  stability
• Reduce Air Toxics (Benzene,1-3 Buta-diene,
  Aldehydes, POM)

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Fuel Quality in Bangladesh

• Petrol
• -Already Lead Free Euro1 cars employ
• Cat.Converters
• - Sulfur( Specs. 0.1 max) may be reduced
  further
• Diesel
• - Sulfur (Specs. 0.5 max) to be reduced to
• 0.25 max for Euro1 vehicles
• 0.05 max for Euro2 vehicles

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Auto-Clinic Program by AQMP

• First Clinic held from Dec. 23, 2001 to March
  21,2002
• Program conducted by the Society for Urban
  Environment Protection (SUEP)
• 2000 Auto- Rickshaw and Drivers participated
• Free carburettor and minor maintenance
• Idle CO HC emission measurement before and after
  maintenance
• Smoke measurement under acceleration with normal
  oil and 2T oil.

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Auto-Clinic Programme by AQMP (contd.)

• Demonstration of effect of maintenance on CO HC
  emissions
• Demonstration of effect of 2T oil in right
  quantity on reduction of blue smoke
• Health check up of drivers
• Creating awareness on
• Bad effect of poor maintenance and oil qualty
  emissions from baby taxis
• Bad effect of smoke and other pollutants on
  health

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Pilot Control Programs

• AQMP has completed following three pilot
  programs
• 1. Auto Clinic training program was held on 22
  December, 2001 to 27 February, 2002.
• Objective Training for drivers and
  mechanics on vehicle maintenance and their
  health impacts.
• No. of trainee 2000,Two stroke three wheeler
  baby taxies drivers/mechanics.
• 2. Diesel engine maintenance improvement clinic
  from February 22 to March 28 ,2004.
• Objective Training for driver/ mechanics on
  inspection and maintenance of the diesel
  vehicles to reduce vehicular air pollution.
• No. of trainee 120 drivers/ mechanics from
  BRTC, Bangladesh Sarak Paribahan Fedaration, and
  others Government organizations.

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Pilot Control Programs (Contd)

• Under Diesel engine maintenance improvement
  clinic 420 drivers and mechanics were imparted
  training during 19 June- 17 August 2006
• Similar clinic programs will be undertaken for
  Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet and Barisal.
  

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Ambient Air Quality Standards

• Air quality standards are the foundation upon
  which emission control strategies are based.
• Standards can be adopted as enforceable laws,
  typically (but not always) with deadlines and
  schedules for attainment
• Air quality standards are a meaningful way to
  report the frequency with which pollutant
  concentrations exceed healthful levels.
• They also form the basis of air quality index
  (AQI) calculations.
• AAQS are not just limits for each pollutant
• The standards also need to specify monitoring
  methods, locations and frequencies average time
  and assessment procedures.

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Bangladesh Standards for Ambient Air (mg/m3)
Sl. No. Area SPM SO2 CO NOx
1 Industrial and mixed 500 120 5000 100
2 Commercial and mixed 400 100 5000 100
3 Residential and rural 200 80 2000 80
4 Sensitive 100 30 1000 30
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Why revision of AAQS was necessitated

• The previous standards do not specify monitoring
  methods and frequency, averaging times,
  compliance requirements and other necessary
  factors.
• Therefore, it was recognized that these standards
  require review.

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Why AAQS needed?

• AQS are legal limits placed on levels of air
  pollutants in the ambient air during a given
  period of time.
• They characterize permissible level of a
  pollutant or a class of pollutants in the
  atmosphere and define the amount of exposure
  permitted to the population and/or to ecological
  systems.

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• AQS are not based solely on air quality criteria
  but are also based on a broad range of economic,
  social, technical and political considerations.

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Steps followed for revision of AAQS

• Reviewed ambient air quality standards in other
  countries within the region
• Analyzed the air quality monitoring data from the
  AQMP CAMS and found that concentrations of
  pollutants in the ambient air are generally
  within the USEPA standards
• The AQMP proposed the adoption of USEPA standards
• For Pb in ambient air the WHO standard
  recommended due to most appropriate degree of
  protection of public health
• Contd.

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• Concentration of PM10 and 2.5 significantly
  exceeded the standards during the non monsoon
  periods
• Action plan suggested for reducing PM
  concentrations in the ambient air to meet the
  proposed standards
• Draft proposals pertaining to AAQS put to
  stakeholders consultation
• Placed before DTAC meeting in Feb 2003
• Presented to a stakeholder workshop in March 2003
• Again presented to AQMAC meeting in March 2003
• Proposal submitted to Inter-ministerial Committee
  for consideration
• Sent to law Ministry for vetting and publication
  in the gazette
• New AAQS gazetted in June 2005

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Revised Ambient Air Quality Standards for
Bangladesh
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Principal Air Pollutants in Dhaka City

• Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5)
• Sulphur Dioxides (SO2)
• Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
• Ozone (O3)
• Carbon mono oxide (CO)
• Lead (Pb)

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Vehicle Emission Inventory for Dhaka gt85 of
PM10 from Diesel Vehicles
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Principal pollutants and sources of air pollution
in Dhaka City
Principal pollutants Sources
Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5) Vehicle, Brick Kiln, Cooking, Combustion
Nitrogen Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide Fuel burning
Sulphur Dioxide Coal burning
Ozone Photochemical Reaction
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Sites for PM Sampling in Dhaka City
TONGI
TEJGAON
MOTIJHEEL
LALBAG
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Location of sampling sites in Bangladesh
Narayangonj
Sylhet
Khulna
Chittagong
Barisal
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Trends Analysis of SO2 in Dhaka City
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Trends Analysis of CO in Dhaka City
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Trends Analysis of O3 in Dhaka City
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Trends Analysis of NOx in Dhaka City
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Trends Analysis of Particulate Matter in Dhaka
City
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Seasonal Variation of Particulate Matter in Dhaka
City
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Seasonal Variation of Particulate Matter in Dhaka
City
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Cost benefit of Air Quality Improvement in Dhaka

• For Baby Taxi Ban More than 900 premature death
  avoided and 25 million saved in health cost per
  year.
• By 20 reduction Premature mortality could be
  reduced by about 1100 and health cost could be
  saved is 152 million
• By reduction to proposed national standard
  Premature mortality could be reduced by about
  3300 and 474 million per year.

Source World Bank, Dhaka
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What is AQI?

• The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a public
  information tool to express the air pollution
  level for a particular area on a certain period
• This is a simple way of describing the quality of
  air from human health point of view
• The AQI is linked to the National Ambient Air
  Quality Standards (NAAQS) which is set based on
  health impacts

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Purpose of AQI

• To give complex information about the air
  pollution level and the quality of air in a
  simple way that people can easily understand
• To inform how clean or polluted air you are
  breathing in relation to health based objectives
  and
• To advise the people about the general health
  effects associated with different pollution
  levels.

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CLASSIFICATION OF AQI
AQI Range Colour Category
0-100 Green Very Good
101-200 Orange Good
201-300 Violet Medium
gt300 Red Bad
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Air Quality in Dhaka Seasonal
Note PM is the major pollutant of concern in
Dhaka.
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of Days in Air Quality Index Category
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Reporting Format (English)
Todays Air Quality Index for Dhaka provided by
Department of Environment was 67 based on
pollutants monitored in CAMS, Sangsad Bhaban, The
AQI category was Very Good and the colour code
was Green. The Responsible pollutant was PM2.5.
Air Quality Index (AQI) for 23rd August, 2006 Air Quality Index (AQI) for 23rd August, 2006 Air Quality Index (AQI) for 23rd August, 2006
AQI Value Category Responsible Pollutant
67 Very Good PM2.5
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Interventions benefited air pollution abatement

• Phase out leaded petrol in 1999
• Jan 2001 setting standards for lubricants
• Phase out of two stroke 3-wheeler from January
  2003.
• Ban on the plying of trucks older than 25 years
  and buses older than 20 years.
• Introduction of ambient air quality standards.
• Introduction of emission standards EURO I for new
  diesel and EURO II petrol vehicles from 2005.
• Introduction of in use vehicle emission standards
  from 2005.

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Implications for adopting VES and AAQS

• Public awareness of air quality may increase
• Reporting exceedences of the standards may cause
  adverse reactions from within and outside of
  Bangladesh
• An AQI system that is consistent with the
  standards can be developed
• An immediate need to develop emission inventories
  and control strategies to reduce dominant
  pollutant emissions
• The need to develop an industrial permitting
  program to foster improved environmental planning.

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Lessons learned

• It is easy to implement revised VES and AAQS if
  peoples participation is ensured.
• Phasing out of gross polluting two stroke three
  wheelers was possible due to overwhelming peoples
  support
• Gross polluting diesel vehicles are being phased
  out under a 5-year road map came into force in
  2004.
• Awareness of people about air pollution is
  necessary to enforce standards.

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• Thank you