High School Chemistry

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chemistry
matter
Scientific Method
Technology
Observation
Theory
Experiment
Applied Chemistry
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1. Inorganic Chemistry

• Inorganic is the study of matter that does NOT
  contain ________
• Inorganic chemists study the structure, function,
  synthesis, and identity of non-carbon compounds
• Polymers, Metallurgy

Carbon
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2. Organic Chemistry

• Organic is the study of matter that contains
  ______
• Organic chemists study the structure, function,
  synthesis, and identity of carbon compounds
• Useful in petroleum industry, pharmaceuticals,
  polymers

carbon
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3. Physical Chemistry

• Physical chemistry is the physics of chemistry
  the forces of matter
• Rates and energy transfers
• Much of p-chem is computational

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4. Analytical Chemistry

• Analytical chemistry is the study of high
  precision measurement
• Find composition and identity of chemicals
• Lead in drinking H2O
• Forensics, quality control, medical tests

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5. Biochemistry

• Biochemistry is the study of chemistry in ______
  things
• Cross between biology and chemistry
• Pharmaceuticals and genetics

living
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Properties of Matter
Extensive properties
depend on the amount of
matter that is present.
Volume
Mass
Energy Content (think Calories!)
Intensive properties
do not depend on the
amount of matter present, but type of matter.
Melting point, Boiling point
Color
Density
Hardness
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Law of conservation of mass

• In all physical and chemical changes, the mass of
  the reactants MUST equal the mass of the products.

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Scientific Method

• State the problem clearly./Make Observ.
• Formulate a hypothesis
• Test the hypothesis.
• Evaluate the data to form a conclusion.
• If the conclusion is valid, then it becomes a
  theory. If the theory is found to be true over
  along period of time (usually 20 years) with no
  counter examples, it may be considered a law.
• 5. Share the results.

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Chapter 2
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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes
it undergoes

1. Matter is anything that occupies space and has
   mass. stuff
2. A substance is a form of matter that has a
   definite composition and distinct properties.

water, ammonia, sucrose, gold, oxygen
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Phase Differences
Solid definite volume and shape particles
packed in fixed positions.
Liquid definite volume but indefinite shape
particles close together but not in fixed
positions
Gas neither definite volume nor definite shape
particles are at great distances from one another
Plasma high temperature, ionized phase of
matter as found on the sun.
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Physical Properties

• What are some physical properties?
• color
• melting and boiling point
• odor
• Create a definition for physical properties

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Physical Changes

• can be observed without changing the identity of
  the substance
• Physical change Ex.
• boiling of a liquid
• melting of a solid
• dissolving a solid in a liquid to give a
  homogeneous mixture
• a SOLUTION.

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A mixture is a combination of two or more
substances in which the substances retain their
distinct identities.

1. Homogenous mixture composition of the mixture
   is the same throughout.

• Heterogeneous mixture composition is not
  uniform throughout.
• Rocky Road Ice Cream, soil, pizza
  chicken noodle soup

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Types of Mixtures
Heterogeneous visibly separate phases
Homogeneous Same throughout
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Physical means can be used to separate a mixture
into its pure components.
Filtration
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Separation of a Mixture
Distillation
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Separation of a Mixture
The components of dyes such as ink may be
separated by paper chromatography.
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• An element is a substance that cannot be
  separated into simpler substances by chemical
  means.
• 116 elements have been identified
• 82 elements occur naturally on Earth
• gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon
• 34 elements have been created by scientists
• technetium, americium, seaborgium

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A compound is a substance composed of atoms of
two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.
Compounds can only be separated into their pure
components (elements) by chemical means.
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Separation of a CompoundThe Electrolysis of water
Compounds must be separated by chemical means.
With the application of electricity, water can be
separated into its elements
Reactant ? Products
Water ? Hydrogen Oxygen
H2O ? H2 O2
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Matter FlowchartFill in the flow chart AND
provide and example for each box.
Matter
yes
no
Can it be physically separated?
Homogenous
Heterogenous
Compound
Element
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Organization of Matter
Matter
Mixtures a) Homogeneous (Solutions) b)
Heterogeneous
Pure Substances
Elements
Compounds
Atoms
Nucleus
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
Quarks
Quarks
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Physical vs. Chemical Properties

• physical
• chemical
• physical
• physical
• chemical

• Examples
• melting point
• flammable
• density
• magnetic
• tarnishes in air

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Physical vs. Chemical Changes

• Examples
• rusting iron
• dissolving in water
• burning a log
• melting ice
• grinding spices

• Chemical
• Physical
• Chemical
• Physical
• Physical

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Sure Signs of a Chemical Change

• Change in Temp
• Light
• Gas Produced (not from boiling!)
• Precipitate a solid formed by mixing two
  liquids together
• Color Change???

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Chemical Properties and Chemical Change

• Chemical Property - Ability of a substance to
  undergo a chemical change
• Examples
• Chemical Change Change that produces matter
  with a different composition than the original
  matter.
• Examples

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Use it or not?

• Pure Chemistry pursuit of chemical knowledge
  for its own sake.
• Applied Chemistry research that is directed
  toward a practical goal or application.