CHINA THE MIDDLE KINGDOM

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CHINA THE MIDDLE KINGDOM LAND UNDER HEAVEN

• The Middle Kingdom

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Early China
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Variety of the Land

• China is divided into 32 provinces
• It is Fourth largest nation in World (after
  Russia, Canada, and the USA).
• Capital/ Beijing
• Natural Boundaries Isolate China
• Diverse Natural Environment
• Greatest Population-1.3 Billion

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Dynastic Government

• Chinese regarded their ruler as the Son of
• Heaven. He received the Mandate of Heaven
  which is the right to rule. (Similar to the
  European divine right of kings.)
• Dynasties were ruling families of China that rose
  and fell according to a dynastic cycle
• The Han Dynasty later introduced four parts that
  all future dynasties would have
• Four Major Parts of Dynastic Government
• Single ruler known as the emperor who made the
  laws, was in charge of the government, and
  interpreted the ideology
• Government Officials-Were bureaucrats who were
  appointed to office on the basis of an
  examination.
• System of Laws-Developed by emperor and
  bureaurats
• The official Ideology-political philosophy which
  was enforced by the bureaucrats.

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The Dynastic Cycle
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Early Dynasties

• The Xia- was the first of 24 Chinese dynasties,
  1994 BC
• The Shang Dynasty- invented the first writing
  system
• The Zhou- developed the concept of the Mandate of
  Heaven
• The Qin Dynasty- was the first to unite China
  under an emperor
• The Han Dynasty-establish a stable government
  with 4 parts

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Shi Huangdi- First Emperor, united China under a
single ruler
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Later Dynasties

• The Sui Dynasty- Emperor was was Wendi built the
  famous Grand Canal
• The Tang Dynasty- restored China to peace after
  years of chaos and became Chinas Golden Age
• The Yuan or Mongol Dynasty- was founded by
  Kublai Khan and Marco Polo visits China during
  his reign.
• The Ming Dynasty- was led by a leader called Zhu
  and he reclaims China for the Chinese
• The Qing Dynasty- was the last dynasty of China
  and it was ruled by the Manchus

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Kublai Khan-Yuan Dynasty
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The Forbidden City-Where the emperor and his
court lived. Ordinary people were forbidden.
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Traditional China The Few the Many
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The Upper Class

• Gentry-Wealthy landowners
• Government Officials-had to pass civil service
  exams
• Scholars-Had to pass all four levels of civil
  service exam.

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The Lower Class

• Peasants-80 of population
• Scientists-Not recognized
• Merchants-wealthy but looked down upon by upper
  class
• Soldiers-served as internal peacekeepers as well
  as the army

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Chinese Inventions

• paper, printing press, chemical explosives
• mechanical clock, compass, canal locks
• crossbow, kite, cast iron, watertight
  compartments
• various drugs, system of measures, irrigation
  techniques
• flood control devices, canals, acupuncture,
  vaccinations, operations

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Chinese Philosophies that have Shaped Chinese
Culture
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Daoism or Taoism

• Daoism means-The Way of Nature
• Lao-zi-founder of Daoism
• Live in Harmony With Nature
• The Dao De Jing-book of Daoism
• (One of the Chinese Classics)

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Confucianism-Founded by Chinas Greatest
Philosopher ConfuciusFive Relationships of
Confucianism

• Ruler Ruled
• Father Son
• Husband Wife
• Older Brother Younger Brother
• Friend Friend

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Other Religions that influenced China in
descending order

• Buddhism
• Islam
• Christianity

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The Chinese Revolution
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FIVE MAJOR EVENTS OF THE CHINESE REVOLUTION

• O
• R
• S
• C
• M

• pium Wars open China.
• ebellions rock China.
• un shines democracy over China.
• haing keeps China in check.
• ao chases Chaing, makes China
• Communist.

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OThe Opium Wars Open China
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Outcome of the Opium Wars

• The Treaty of Nanjing- ended the Opium War in
  1852. As a result the British take Hong Kong
  from China
• Extraterritoriality-British merchants caught
  smuggling had to be tried in British courts.
• China was reduced to an inferior nation.
• The West control Sphere of Influence in China.
  (Chinas major ports)
• Opium Wars open China and ends Chinas Isolation

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Rebellions Rock China

• Taiping Rebellion, 1853 (Taipings were converted
  Christian peasants)
• Wanted equality and an end to Qing rule
• Over 20 million die as rebellion is put down
  with help of foreign powers

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RRebellions Rock China
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BOXER REBELLIONBoxers were anti-Qing and
anti-West peasant Chinese

• 1900s, Peasants and workers wanted to rid China
  of all foreign influences
• Death to the Foreign Devils
• Boxers were defeated by European powers

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SSun Shines Democracy Over China
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SUN SHINES DEMOCRACY OVER CHINA

• Dr. Sun Yixian overthrows Qing Dynasty and
• brings Democracy to China (1912) The Republic
  of China
• Suns Three Principles
• 1) Democracy
• 2)Nationalism
• 3)Livelihood ( Industrialization)
• The democracy fails because of 3 reasons
• 1)They were use to dynasty
• 2) Most were uneducated peasants
• 3) No national unity
• 4) The Warlords rule
• Mao Zedong starts the Communists Party
• Chaing -kia shek puts down the Warlords and
  rules China

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CChaing Keeps China in Check
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CHAING KEEPS CHINA IN CHECK

• Chaing rules as dictator 1930s 1940s
• Mao and Chaing fight over China and Chaing wins
  first civil war (1930s)
• Mao takes the Long March-peasants support
  Communism
• Mao Communist fight Chaing again in 1949 and
  win civil war,

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MMao Chases Chaing and Makes China Communist
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Mao Chases Chaing, Makes China Communist

• Civil War ends in 1949/Mao Wins
• Chaing kai-shek and Nationalist flee to
• Taiwan and establish the Republic of
• China.
• The US supports Taiwan
• The Soviet Union supports Communist
• China as it becomes a superpower.
• China develops an atomic bomb 1964

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Other Results of the Chinese Revolution

• The Great Leap Forward-A disastrous attempt by
  Mao Zedong to catch China up with the European
  powers through rapid agricultural quotas and
  industrial growth
• Great Cultural Revolution- A period of violence
  and purging as Mao destroys any resistance to
  communist ideology. Brainwashing through Maoist
  thought was the result of this period.
• Women become equal under communism

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Mao Chases Chaing, Makes China Communist

• 1972- Richard Nixon visits China
• The US recognizes Communist China
• 1989-Tianemen Square Pro-Democracy
• Student Protest.
• Hong Kong is returned, 1998
• China wants Taiwan to reunite

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Tiananmen Square
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China Reforms its Economy But Limits Freedom

• Mao Zedong dies in 1976
• In 1981 Deng Xiaoping becomes leader of China and
  sets China on a new path
• Deng Xiaoping's major emphasis was to develop
  China's economy
• His favorite quote to describe his economic
  philosophy was, " I don't care if a cat is black
  or white as long as it catches mice."