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I Elements

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I Elements 1 Sound: Pitch, Dynamics and Tone Color ... Listening Outlines, Vocal Music Guides and the properties of sound Each item describes some musical sound. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: I Elements


1
I Elements
  • 1 Sound Pitch, Dynamics and Tone Color

2
Pitch Highness or Lowness of Sound
  • Music is the organization of sound and silence.
  • Sound begins with the vibration of an object.
  • As a result of the vibrations, our eardrums start
    vibrating too, and impulses, or signals, are
    transmitted to the brain.
  • Art based on the organization of sound in time.
  • Four main properties
  • Pitch
  • Dynamics
  • Tone Color
  • Duration

3
Pitch Highness or Lowness of Sound
  • Pitch- the relative highness or lowness that we
    hear in a sound.
  • The pitch of a sound is decided by the frequency
    of the vibrations.
  • Tone- A sound that has definite pitch.
  • The sound is measured by a tuner at a rate of 440
    cycles per second.
  • Pitch/Range-The distance between the lowest and
    highest tones that a voice or an instrument can
    produce.
  • Interval- The distance between two notes.

4
Dynamics
  • Dynamics- the degree of loudness or softness in
    music
  • A performer can emphasize a tone by playing it
    more loudly than the tones around it. This is
    called an accent.
  • Term Abbreviation Meaning
  • pianissimo pp very soft
  • piano p soft
  • mezzo piano mp moderately soft
  • mezzo forte mf moderately loud
  • forte f loud
  • fortissimo ff very loud
  • Symbol Term Meaning
  • gt Decrescendo Gradually softer
  • lt Crescendo Gradually louder

5
Tone Color
  • Tone color is also known as timbre
  • Described in words like bright, brilliant,
    mellow and rich
  • New tone color may be used to highlight a new
    melody.

6
Listening Outlines, Vocal Music Guides and the
properties of sound
  • Each item describes some musical sound.
  • Dynamics, instruments, pitch level, or mood
  • Vocal music guide, the text appears with brief
    notes in the margins.
  • Stravinsky, The Firebird, Scene 2
  • Ellington, C-Jam Blues

7
The Firebird
  • Scene 2 (1910)
  • By Igor Stravinsky
  • Story
  • Stravinsky's ballet centers on the journey of its
    hero, Prince Ivan. Ivan enters the magical realm
    of Kashchei the Immortal. While wandering in the
    gardens, he sees and chases the Firebird. The
    Firebird, once caught by Ivan, begs for its life
    and ultimately agrees to assist Ivan in exchange
    for eventual freedom.
  • Next, Prince Ivan sees thirteen princesses, with
    one of whom he falls in love. The next day, Ivan
    chooses to confront Kashchei to ask to marry one
    of the princesses the two talk and eventually
    begin to argue. When Kashchei sends his magical
    creatures after Ivan, the Firebird, true to its
    pledge, intervenes, bewitching the creatures and
    making them dance an elaborate, energetic dance
    (the "Infernal Dance"). The creatures and
    Kashchei then fall asleep however, Kashchei
    awakens and is then sent into another dance by
    the Firebird. While Kashchei is bewitched by the
    Firebird she tells Ivan the secret to Kashchei's
    immortality and Ivan destroys it killing
    Kashchei. With Kashchei gone and his magic
    broken, the magical creatures and the palace all
    disappear, and all of the "real" beings
    (including the princesses) awaken and, with one
    final fleeting appearance from the Firebird,
    celebrate their victory.

8
Listening
  • C-Jam Blues (1942)
  • Duke Ellington and His Orchestra

9
Performing Media
  • Voices and Instruments

10
Voices
  • Soprano
  • Alto
  • Tenor
  • Bass
  • Women Men
  • Soprano tenor
  • Mezzo-soprano baritone
  • alto (or contralto) bass

11
Instruments
  • String
  • Woodwind
  • Brass
  • Percussion
  • Keyboard
  • Electronic

12
Strings
  • Violin
  • Viola
  • Cello
  • Bass
  • Harp
  • Guitar
  • Strings have the greatest versatility
  • Strings are made of gut or wire
  • Strings vibrate by drawing the bow across it with
    the right hand
  • Pitch is controlled by the musicians left hand.

13
Woodwind Instruments
  • Flute
  • Clarinet
  • Saxophone
  • Oboe
  • Bassoon
  • English Horn
  • Single Reeds
  • Double Reeds

14
Brass Instruments
  • Trumpet
  • French Horn
  • Trombone
  • Baritone
  • Tuba
  • Cup shaped mouthpiece
  • Lip tension controls pitch
  • Slides and valves changes the length of the
    instrument

15
Percussion Instruments
  • Pitched Instrument
  • Tympani
  • Bells
  • Xylophones
  • Glockenspiel
  • Celesta
  • chimes
  • Non-pitched
  • Snare drum
  • Bass drum
  • Tambourine
  • Triangle
  • Cymbals
  • Gong

16
Percussion
  • Vibrations are set up in stretched membranes
  • Used to emphasize rhythm and to heighten climaxes

17
Keyboards
  • Piano- also considered percussion instruments.
    Produces sound through vibrating strings held
    under tension by an iron frame striking a key
    causes a felt-covered hammer to hit a string (the
    harder the pianist strikes the key, the louder
    the sound)
  • Harpsichord- revived in the twentieth century
    for performance of early music.
  • Pipe Organ- was most prominent from 1600 to 1750
    and is still used in religious services.
  • Accordion- has free steel reeds controlled by a
    treble keyboard with piano keys. The bass
    keyboard has buttons. Air blows and makes the
    reeds vibrate.

18
Electronic Instruments
  • Produce or amplify sound through electronic
    means, as early as 1904
  • Uses synthesizers and computers.
  • Tape Studio
  • Analog and Digital
  • Frequency Modulation (FM)
  • Sampling
  • MIDI (musical instruments digital interface)

19
The Young Persons Guide to the Orchestra, Op.
34 (1946),by Benjamin Britten
  • Listening Outline
  • p. 28-29
  • Answer discussion questions online.
  • Participation is encouraged!

20
Rhythm
  • Rhythm-the flow of music through time.
  • Beat Meter Accent and Syncopation Tempo

21
Beat
  • Recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal
    units of time.
  • The particular arrangement of note lengths in a
    piece of music.

22
Meter
  • Organization of beats in to regular groups.
  • The first or stressed beat is called a downbeat.
  • Triple meter, a pattern of 3 beats in measure.
  • Quadruple meter, has 4 beats to a measure.
  • Sextuple meter, has 6 beats to a measure.

23
Accent and Syncopation
  • Accent- to emphasize a note.
  • Syncopation- occurs when an off-beat note is
    accented.

24
Tempo
  • The speed of the beat.
  • Indication is usually given at the beginning of a
    piece.
  • Term Meaning
  • Largo very slow, broad
  • Grave very slow, solemn
  • Adagio slow
  • Andante moderately slow, a walking pace
  • Moderato moderate
  • Allegretto moderately fast
  • Allegro fast
  • Vivace lively
  • Presto very fast
  • Prestissimo as fast as possible
  • Accelerando-gradually speeding up
  • Ritardando- gradually slowing down

25
Music Notation
  • Notating PitchNotating RhythmNotating Silence
    (Rests)Notating Meter The Score
  • Practice the chart with Notes and Rest values.

26
Notating Pitch
  • Staff
  • Ledger lines
  • Sharp, flat, naturals
  • Grand staff

27
Notating Rhythm
  • Whole note
  • Half note
  • Quarter note
  • Eighth notes
  • Sixteenth notes
  • Beam
  • Dotted notes
  • Tie
  • Triplet

28
Notating Silence (Rest)
  • Whole rest
  • Half rest
  • Quarter rest
  • Eighth rest
  • Sixteenth rest

29
Notating Meter
  • Time signatures
  • Common time/ 4/4 time
  • Four-four time, the most common time is
    abbreviated with a capital C.
  • The numerator stands for the number of beats in a
    measure. Two, the denominator indicates which
    note gets a full beat.
  • (ex. Quarter note also written ¼)
  • There are several other time signatures.
  • 2/4 ¾ 5/4 6/4 6/8 and 12/8)

30
The Score
  • Example page 37
  • The score shows all movement from each member of
    the ensemble.
  • All rhythms are displayed, thus, giving

31
Melody
32
Harmony
33
Key
  • The Major Scale
  • The Minor Scale
  • The Key Signature
  • The Chromatic Scale
  • Modulation Change of Key
  • Tonic Key

34
Musical Texture
  • Monophonic Texture
  • Polyphonic Texture
  • Homophonic Texture
  • Changes of Texture
  • Farandole from LArlesienne Suite No2 (1879),
    George Bizet

35
Musical Form
36
Techniques that create Form
  • Repition
  • Contrast
  • Variation

37
Types of Musical Form
  • Three-Part (Ternary)
  • ABA Form
  • Dance of the Reed Pipes from Nutcracker Suite
  • By Peter Ilyich Tcaikovsky
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