Revised 03/05/97

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(No Transcript)
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What you will Learn

• What is a Confined Space
• Hazards of Confined Spaces
• Basic Entry Requirements

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General Requirements

• All employees required to enter confined or
  enclosed spaces must be instructed in
• nature of the hazards
• necessary precautions to be taken
• use of protective and emergency equipment

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What is a Confined Space?

• Is large enough and so configured that an
  employee can bodily enter and perform assigned
  work
• Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit
  (for example, tanks, vessels, silos, storage
  bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that
  may have limited means of entry.)
• Is not designed for continuous employee
  occupancy.

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What is a Permit Required Confined Space?

• A Permit-required confined space is confined
  space that has one or more of the following
  characteristics

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Permit Required Spaces

• Contains or has a potential to contain a
  hazardous atmosphere
• Contains a material that has the potential for
  engulfing an entrant

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Permit Required Spaces

• Has an internal configuration such that an
  entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by
  inwardly converging walls or by a floor which
  slopes downward and tapers to a smaller
  cross-section
• Contains any other recognized serious safety or
  health hazard

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Typical Confined Spaces

• Boilers Furnaces
• Pipelines
• Pits
• Process Vessel
• Silo Storage Tanks
• Sewer Manholes
• Trenches Excavations

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Hazards of Confined Spaces

• Atmospheric
• Physical Configuration
• Mechanical
• Electrical
• Thermal
• Noise
• Vibration
• Engulfment or Entrapment

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Controlling Confined Space Hazards

• Each Confined Space has different hazards. 
  Hazards can also change with time and usage.
• Post signs to warn of the dangers.
• Use barriers to prevent uncontrolled access
• Develop and use a written space entry program.

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Controlling Confined Space Hazards

• Conduct air monitoring and tests to identify and
  evaluate hazards.
• Define acceptable entry conditions.
• Monitor entry conditions
• Eliminate or control the space's atmospheric
  hazards before entry
• Lockout all internal hazards prior to entry

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Entry Point Hazards

• Small Openings make entry and rescue difficult
• Sharp edges can tear protective clothing or air
  lines
• Temporary ladders and vent gear can make even
  large openings difficult to transit
• Vertical entry points are fall hazards

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Ventilation Needed

• Deadly gases can be trapped inside
• Rotting Organic materials create hazardous gases
• Pipe leaks, welding, system material can create
  hazardous atmospheres.
• Rust consumes the oxygen you need.

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Atmospheric Hazards

• Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres
• Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
• Flammable Atmospheres
• Toxic Atmospheres
• Corrosive Atmospheres
• Asphyxiating Atmospheres  

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Oxygen Deficient

• 19.5 is the minimum acceptable oxygen level for
  work with out an air supplied respirator.
• 12-14 - Poor judgment.
• 10-12 - Lips blue Mental Confusion
• 8-10 - Fainting Nausea
• 6-8 - Causes Death

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Asphyxiating Atmospheres

• Reduction of oxygen in a confined space may be
  the result of either consumption or displacement.
  Consumption of oxygen takes place during
• Combustion of flammable substances
• Bacterial action, as in the fermentation process
• Chemical reactions as in the formation of rust  

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Oxygen Enriched

• Oxygen level above 21.
• Causes flammable and combustible materials to
  burn violently when ignited. Such as
• Hair, clothing, oil soaked materials
• Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.
• Never store or place compressed gas tanks in a
  confined space.

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Flammable Atmospheres

• Required Factors
• Oxygen
• Flammable Gas, Vapor or Dust
• Ignition Source
• Welding
• Electric Tools
• Sparks
• Smoking

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Flammable Atmospheres

• Caused by
• enriched oxygen atmospheres
• vaporization of flammable liquids
• byproducts of work
• chemical reactions
• concentrations of combustible dusts
• fumes from chemicals on inner surfaces

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Toxic Atmospheres

• Material in space
• Absorbed materials can gas off.
• Decomposition of materials
• Work being performed
• Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.
• Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing.
• Sealing, bonding, melting.
• Cleaning, descaling

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Corrosive Atmospheres

• Corrosive atmospheres can be not only a
  respiratory problems but also cause skin exposure
  reactions and damage to your nervous system
  though skin absorption or breathing.
• Examples of Corrosives 
• Bleach
• Ammonia
• Acids

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Physical Configuration Hazards

• The use and shape of a space can create hazardous
  conditions
• Use of Ladders Scaffolding
• Wet or slippery surfaces
• Uneven bottoms
• Bends in tunnels
• Narrow areas that can entrap workers
• Poor lighting
• Use retrieval fall protection when possible

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Mechanical Hazards

• Some confined spaces have unguarded mechanical
  equipment such as
• Paddles
• Blades
• Shafts
• Chain or belt drives
• All equipment must be Locked and Tagged before
  entry

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Electrical Hazards

• Electric Shock is a possible hazard in Confined
  Spaces
• Hazard Sources include
• Broken lighting
• Electrical sensing devices
• Limit switches
• Level indicating devices
• Hazards from equipment taken inside

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Temperature Hazards

• High and Low Temperatures are Hazards
• Burns
• Frosbite
• Heat Stress
• Wearing Protective clothing can increase the heat
  stress on a worker

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Worker Comfort

• Factors affecting worker comfort
• Air temperature
• Air velocity though the space
• Humidity
• Radiant heat
• Protective Clothing
• Activities 

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Engulfment Hazards

• Engulfment is the entrapment of a person by the
  contents of a space
• Liquids
• Small granular product such as grain
• Crusting or Bridging of material
• Flooding
• Water Flow

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Engulfment Hazards

• Completely empty the contents before entry
• Use retrieval and fall arrest equipment to
  prevent sinking into contents of a space.

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Noise Hazards

• Noise creates a hazard by
• Causing hearing loss
• Preventing communication
• Lowering worker's effectiveness
• Eliminate noise sources prior to entry
• Use proper hearing protection

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Surface Hazards

• Slippery, Wet or Damp Surfaces
• Slips Falls
• Chemical Exposure
• Possible increased chance of electric shock
• Uneven surfaces

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Vibration Hazards

• Vibration of the body can cause damage to the
  body
• Using Vibrating tools can cause damage to fingers
  hand
• Eliminate equipment vibrations prior to entry
• Use Vibration dampening tools gloves

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Basic Confined Space Entry Procedure

• All entrants, supervisors and entry attendants
  must be fully qualified
• 1. Conduct Pre-Entry Briefing
• 2. Assemble and check equipment
• 3. Establish Acceptable Entry Conditions
• 4. Conduct initial air sampling
• 5. Execute Complete Entry Permit
• 6. Station Entry Attendant

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Entry (continued)

• 7. Establish Monitoring of Atmosphere
• 8. Establish Communication
• 9. Execute Hot Work Permit if applicable
• 10.Post Confined Space Entry Permit
• 11. Enter Space
• 12. Postentry debrief if problems were
  encountered

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Testing The Atmosphere

• Verify presence of safe work atmosphere.
• Calibrate Air Monitoring Equipment before use
• Test all areas of a confined space
• Top, Middle, Bottom
• Check for Explosive Toxic Gases
• Check Oxygen level
• Record all readings

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Ventilation

• Consider best of exhaust or supply or both
• Provide workzone exhaust if welding
• Plan ventilation supply and exhaust paths
• Ensure no re-circulation of air supply
• Use continuous ventilation
• Retest the confined space before and during entry

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LOCKOUT!

• Lock tagging ALL electrical sources.
• Blank bleeding fluid lines
• Disconnect mechanical drives shafts.
• Secure mechanical parts
• Lock Tag all valves

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Rescue Team

• A qualified rescue team and rescue equipment
  must be available for entry into all Permit
  Required Confined Spaces
• Qualified Entry Attendant must be in constant
  communication with workers in the space
• Entry Attendant must have source of communication
  with the Rescue Team

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Summary

• All persons involved in Permit Required Confined
  Space Entry must be qualified
• Supervisor
• Attendants
• Entrants
• Rescue Team
• Confined Spaces are Dangerous Places Know how
  to control or eliminate hazards