Central

1
Central Eastern European Absolutism- Part II

• Austria
• Prussia
• Russia

2
Austria

• THIRTY YEARS WAR
• Lost ability to compete with Western Europe
• Instead aimed internally and at Bohemia and
  Hungary

3
Austria

• Versus Ottomans
• Ottoman private property
• Sultan
• system of rule
• No Suleiman (see pic)
• Bureaucracy???
• Christian slaves
• Not smart ones became Janissaries
• Thrived on Christian tribute
• Religiously tolerant
• Often kinder rulers than Christian emperors
• Butted heads with Habsburgs (and Russians)

4
The Golden Age of the Ottomans
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Golden Horn
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The Ottoman Capital -- Constantinople
7
The Fall of Constantinople 1453
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Europeans vs. Turks
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The End of the Byzantine Empire
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Hagia Sophia
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Hagia Sophia
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Hagia Sophia - interior
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Illuminated Quran Page
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Janissaries
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Battle of Lepanto (1571)
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Austria

• Versus Bohemia
• Bohemia fell during Thirty Years War
• Protestant nobility crushed and replaced
• Versus Hungary
• Conquered by Habsburgs but never fully pacified
• Surviving nobility were highly influenced by
  Protestantism
• Revolt against Habsburgs under Prince Rakoczy ?
  failed but gained significant independence
• Helped in revolts by Ottomans
• Charles VI and the Pragmatic Sanction

17
Charles VI (r. 1711-1740)
18
Prussia

• Blown apart by Thirty Years War must face East
• Geographical limitations
• sandbox of Europe
• No natural physical barriers
• Military is used to build the state
• Junkers
• Landowning Prussian nobility
• Given status as head of military and complete
  domination of their serfs in exchange for loss of
  real political power

19
Prussia the Austrian Empire 1721-72
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Prussia

• Great Elector
• Why called this?
• His goal- to weaken the local estates (regional
  parliaments) and build absolutism
• War during his reign (against Sweden and Poland
  and in response to raids by the Tartars) allowed
  Great Elector to subjugate the Prussian Estates
• The nobles were forced to choose security over
  independence
• Bureaucracy and standing army basically the same
  thing
• For example, soldiers collected taxes

21
Prussia

• The Soldiers King
• Solidified absolutism
• Military nut
• Lived a rigidly militaristic life
• Built incredible army
• Tall soldiers
• Prussia- 12th largest population, but 4th largest
  army
• Exemplified hard work and living simply
• Sparta of the North
• Never spent his soldiers

Frederick William I
22
King Frederick I of Prussia (r.1701-1713)
The Soldiers King
23
Russia

• European or not?
• Yes Geography, ethnicity, and desire
• But
• Mongol Invasion
• Mongol Legacy on the Tsars
• Absoluter and terribler power (similar to
  Ottoman)
• Missed the Renaissance - remain medieval/feudal
  
• Rise of Muscovite Russians
• Best suck-ups to Mongolians
• Ivans kicked out the Khans
• Newly independent Russians saw themselves as the
  Third Rome
• Fall of Byzantine Empire (Constantinople) to
  Ottomans
• Religion Eastern Orthodox
• Caesar- tsar

24
Population Center
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The Mongols Invade Russia
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Early Russia
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Early Byzantine InfluencesOrthodox Christianity
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Early Byzantine InfluencesOrthodox Christianity
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Ivan the Great (r. 1462-1505)
Ivan III Tearing the Great Khans Letter
Requesting More Tribute in 1480.
30
Russia

• Taming of the Boyars by the Ivans
• Khan-like
• Tsar had enormous land-holdings
• Service nobility
• Got land, had to serve in army ? relatively weak
• Ivan the Terrible
• Used secret police to crush peasants further
• Nobles, in turn, ruthlessly oppressed their own
  peasants
• Even merchants were bound to their cities
• Cossacks
• Repeated uprisings
• Tsars almost literally owned everything in Russia
  
• Romanov line
• Because of peasant revolts, the Romanovs restored
  some rights to nobles, to unify with them against
  the peasants

31
Russian Boyars
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Russia

• Peter the Great
• Militaristic
• Great Northern War
• Promotion by ability
• Complete domination of the nobility
• Desire for a warm water port
• fight with Ottomans- Black Sea
• Fight with Swedes- Baltic
• This is a recurring theme for Russia
• Westernization, but mainly for military gain
• Grand Tour
• Europeans brought in to train Russians
• Beard Law

33
Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)
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Russia Sweden After the Great Northern War
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Mimicry of French Absolutism

• Royal Cities
• St. Petersburg
• Window to the West
• Built from scratch at great cost to nobility and
  peasants evidence of absolutism
• Evidence of military victories
• Broad straight avenues radiating out from the
  center
• Palaces Like Versailles

36
Schönbrunn Palace
37
Versailles
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Schönbrunn Palace
39
Baroque

• 1600 1750.
• From a Portuguese word barocca, meaning
  a pearl of irregular shape.
• Implies strangeness, irregularity, and
  extravagance.
• The more dramatic, the better!

40
Baroque

• Emotional
• Appeals to the commoner
• Grew out of the Catholic Reformation
• Used by Absolutists

41
St. Peters Basilica, Vatican City by
Gialorenzo Bernini
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Church of Santiago de Compostella, Spain
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Church of Veltenberg Altar, Germany
44
The Assumption of the Virgin MaryEgid Quirim
Asam, 1692-1750
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Altar of Mercy, Germany, 1764
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David and Goliath by Caravaggio
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St. Bonaventure on His DeathbedFrancisco de
Zurbarán, 1629
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Battle of the AmazonsPeter Paul Reubens
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Baroque Furniture