Industrialization in Russia and Japan

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Industrialization in Russia and Japan

• AP World History

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Setting the Stage

• What is Russias role in the greater global
  context?
• Intellectuals and politicians remain absorbed in
  fascination of the west
• Political freedom, educational and scientific
  advances, cultural styles
• Romanticism hits home in Russia with its
  combination of folklore and nationalism
• Russian music composers begin to explore this
  idiom, and contribute to the wider musical scene

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Setting the Stage

• Alexander I Supported conservative ideologies at
  the Congress of Vienna.

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Setting the Stage

• Nicholas I 1825 Decembrist uprising by
  western-oriented army officers.
• Nicholas becomes more repressive
• Russia avoids the wave of revolutions which swept
  through Europe during the 1830s and 1848

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Setting the Stage

• Russia falls behind the west industrially.
• 1854-1856 Crimean War fought on the Black Sea.
  Western forces damaged the Russian armies
  entrenched positions.
• 1855 Alexander II is convinced that it is time
  for change!

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Reform under Alexander II

• For two decades, Russia engages in reform, based
  on Western standards.
• 1861 Emancipation of the serfs-serfs got a piece
  of land they used to work.
• Creates a large labor force
• Zemstvoes local political councils regulating
  roads, schools, and other regional policies.
• Literacy increases
• Increased Womens rights

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Industrialization

• Trans-Siberian Railroad connected European
  Russia with the Pacific.
• Stimulated iron and coal industries.
• Export of grain to the West.
• Factories began to spring up throughout Russia.

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Trans-Siberian Railroad
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Russian (radical) Reformers

• Intelligentsia Russian term for articulate
  intellectuals as a class.
• Wanted political freedom and deep social reform.
• Wanted a different society than that in the west
  (which they saw as materialistic)
• Anarchists desired an abolition to all forms of
  government.
• Heated opposition to tsarist autocracy

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By the 1880s

• Russias railroad network had quintupled since
  1860
• Modern Factories were in St. Petersburg and
  Moscow.
• Influx of foreign interests under Count Sergei
  Witte, Minister of Finance from 1892-1903.
• High tariffs to support Russian industry
• Encourage western investors

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The good, the bad, and well, thats it

• The Good
• By 1900, Russia surges to 4 in the world in
  steel production
• Second only to the US in petroleum production and
  refining

• The Bad
• Russian factories were huge, but not up to
  western technical standards
• Labor force was not highly skilled
• Backwards agricultural production system
• Largely illiterate peasant class which lacks
  capital
• Lack of middle-class

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Reformers

• By the 1870s Alexander II is pulling back on
  reforms.
• Censorship, dissidents arrested, etc.
• Alexander II is assassinated by a terrorist bomb
  in 1881
• Successors continue industrialization, but
  continue political repression as well.
• Persecution of the Jewish minority.
• Pogroms mass executions of Jews

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Reformers

• Socialism Marxist doctrine spreads from the West
  to Russia
• Lenin claimed that a proletariat was developing
  worldwide due to the spread of international
  capitalism, in advance of growing
  industrialization.
• Bolsheviks group of Russian Marxists, who formed
  the majority party.

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Unrest

• Working class unrest grows in the cities, aided
  by the undercurrents of socialism being pushed by
  the intelligentsia.
• Russian workers radicalize much more than western
  counterparts
• Unions, strikes
• Become interested in the equality and freedom
  of Bolshevism
• Russian government under Alexander III from
  1881-1894 remained stubbornly opposed to
  compromise

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Nicholas II

• Emperor from 1894-1918
• The Last Imperial Emperor of Russia
• Bad fortune was predicted by mystics after the
  Khadynka Tragedy during his coronation in 1896

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Revolution!!

• Russo-Japanese War 1904, Japan wins because
  Russia cant mobilize quickly.
• Unleashes massive protest
• Brutal repression was not well received, so
  reform follows.
• Creation of a national parliament, the DUMA

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Revolution!

• Stolypin Reforms
• Peasants gain greater freedom
• Peasants can buy and sell land.
• Kulaks wealthy peasant farmers who owned land
  and used hired labor
• Nicholas II was unable to keep his promises of
  reform.
• Unable to surrender the autocratic tradition

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Looking Ahead!

• Russia heads into WWI as an unstable nation on
  the brink of industrialization, and plenty of
  social pressure at home.
• It must fight in WWI to preserve diplomatic ties
• It must continue to protect its little Slavic
  Brothers
• But, the homefront is riddled with problems
• This will lead to one of the greatest (as in most
  influential) revolutions the world has ever seen!

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JapanSetting the Stage

• Tokugawa Shogunate Strict isolationism in Japan.
• Feudal society between emperor, shogun, daimyo,
  and samurai
• Ban on western books was repealed in 1720
• Schools of Dutch studies throughout Japan around
  1850

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Japan

• 1853 American Commodore Matthew Perry arrives
  insisting that America gain the right to trade
  with Japan.
• 1854 He returns and gains that right, and gains
  extraterritoriality

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Japan

• Bureaucrats saw no other possibility than to open
  Japan
• Daimyo oppose this, as do many samurai.
• They appeal to the emperor (long a religious and
  ceremonial figure), rather than the shogun
• Samurai are split on their supportsome want
  change, others stress conservatism

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Meiji Restoration

• 1866 Japanese Civil War-Samurai forces defeat
  Shogunate forces and declare Mutsuhito, or Meiji
  (Enlightened One) the new emperor.
• 1868 Meiji Restoration-A profound period of
  change in Japan that will guide Japan to becoming
  a world power into the 20th century

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The Meiji State

• Abolishes feudalism
• Daimyo are replaced by nationally appointed
  prefects (district administrators)
• Political power was centralized
• Emperor and advisors enact economic and social
  change, quickly

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Japan

• Samurai travel to the West and US to learn about
  economic and political reform.
• 1873-1876 Meiji Ministers enact true social
  revolution
• 1876 Samurai class is abolished.
• Constitution in 1889 establishes the Diet, or
  Parliamentary body
• Could advise government, but not control it

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The New Government

• Modeled after the Germans
• Emperor commanded the military directly and
  directly named his ministers
• Western style clothing
• Diet could pass laws, upon agreement of both
  houses, and pass budgets
• Japanese government thus includes centralized
  Imperial Rule, combined with limited
  representative bodies copied from the West
• Japan incorporated business leaders into its
  governing structure, while Russia defended its
  traditional social elite

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Japanese Industrial Revolution

• Create the conditions necessary for
  industrialization
• New government banks funded growing trade and
  provide capital for industry
• State-built railroads spread
• Steamships connect the islands
• Guilds and internal road tariffs are
  abolishedcreate a national market
• Land Reform

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Japanese Industrial Revolution

• Ministry of Industry (1870)
• Maintained supervision of foreign advisories
• Set overall economic policy
• Copied established western practices, but
  adaptation made it suitable for Japan
• Zaibatsu Huge new industrial combines formed as
  a result of accumulation of capital.

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Issues in Japanese Industrialization

• Dependence on imports of Western equipment and
  raw materials.
• Massive population growth
• Supply of low-cost labor fuels class tensions
• Education improves
• Universal education system
• Essential traditional moral education stressing
  loyalty to the Imperial House, love of country,
  filial piety, respect for superiors, faith in
  friends, charity towards inferiors, and respect
  for oneself.
• Copied Western Fashion, hygiene, calendar, but
  not Christianity

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Japanese/Western Differences

• Position of Western Women offended the Japanese
• Maintain inferiority of Women in the home
• Standards of Japanese courtesy conflict with the
  West
• Shintoism gains followers throughout this period

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Japanese New Imperialism

• Japan engages in imperialism at the turn of the
  20th century
• Needs natural resources
• Gives displaced samurai a way to exercise
  military talents
• Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
• Treaty of Shimonoseki April 17, 1895
• China was forced to acknowledge the complete
  independence of Korea to cede the island of
  Taiwan, the Penghu Islands, and the Liaodong
  Peninsula in northeastern China to Japan and pay
  a large indemnity.
• Concerned that the treaty would destabilize the
  colonial balance of power in East Asia, Russia,
  France, and Germany then forced a revision of the
  Treaty of Shimonoseki under which Japan had to
  renounce its claim to Liaodong.

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Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

• Russias growing strength in East Asia due to the
  construction of Trans-Siberian Railway threatened
  Japanese interests in Manchuria
• Japanese win handily by 1905
• Japanese take on Korea as protectorate in 1905
  and annex Korea in 1910

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Friction in Japanese Society

• Clash between traditional standards and the
  young, who were more interested in western
  standards.
• Japans parliament often clashed with the
  Emperors ministers
• Dissolve Diet, then re-elect
• Assassinations

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The Antidote to Cultural Insecurity

• National loyalty and devotion to the Emperor
• Nationalism was built on traditions of
  superiority, cohesion, and deference to rulers.
• Justified sacrifice and struggle as part of the
  national mission to preserve independence and
  dignity in the world