????????????? Quarks, Quark Matter and Strange Stars

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?????????????Quarks, Quark Matter and Strange
Stars

• ???
• ?????????

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• ???(quarks)?????(strong force)
• ??????(confinement)
• ????? ????-??????? (deep inelastic
  electron-nucleon scattering)
• ????(quark matter) ??????!
• ???(strange stars)
• ??????

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????????Quarks and strong force
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????????

• ????(strong force) ???????
• ?????nucleons(?????hadrons)?????
  ???protons,??neutrons, ???mesons,K??,???????

Ref. Serway, Moses, Moyer, Modern Physics
(Saunders College Publishing, 1996)
D.H. Perkins, Introduction to High Energy
Physics (Addison-Wesley, 1982)
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??(hadrons) ???????
????????????????????,?????????? ??
??(baryons)?p, n???(mesons)??, K
http//hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particl
es/hadron.html
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????????

• ?????????? (M. Gell-Mann G. Zweig, 1964)
• ?????? u (up), d (down), s (strange), c (charm),
  b (bottom/beauty), t (top)
• ???????????????
• ???????10-18m

????
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Murray Gell-Mann Nobel Prize in Physics 1969
for his contributions and discoveries concerning
the classification of elementary particles and
their interactions
http//www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1969/
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???? (Quark Model)

• ?????????(colorless)??
  (??????????????)
• ???? ( rgb) ??? (baryons) (rr ) ???
  (mesons)
• ?? ??(protons) uud (rgb)
• ??(neutrons) udd (rgb)
• ?? ( mesons) ud (bb)
  K0 ?? ( K0 mesons) ds (r r )

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?? hadrons
?? baryons
?? mesons
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???? (strong interaction)

• ???????(gluons)
• ??????,???
• ?????/????????,?

Quantum ChromoDynamics
?????????
???????
??????
????????
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?????? (quark confinement)
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??????

• ???,??????????????
• ?????????????????,????
• ?????????????????

QCD ???????
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???? (spring/string model)

• ????????????

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????Asymptotic freedom

• ??????????(running coupling constant)
• ????????????????
• ??/????? ( m) ???????????/??
• D. Gross, H. D. Politzer, F. Wilczek????????

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????-???????deep-inelastic electron-nucleon
scattering
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?????(Rutherford Scattering)

• ?????????,???????????
• ??????(20000m/s) ???????,?????(1/20,000)????????,?
  ??????????????
• ?????????(neutrons)???

Geiger, Marsden, Rutherford 1910-14
http//www.physics.brown.edu/Studies/Demo/modern/d
emo/7d5010.htm
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?????(Rutherford Scattering)

• ???(Chadwick)????????????,???????,??????? (1932)
• ?????10-14m, ?????10-15m,???????,???????

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??????

• ?????,????????????????(resolution)
• ??????????????(?????)
• SLAC-MIT ????1966-1978 ?????????(lt20GeV)??????????
  
• ??????????????
• ??(R. Feynman) ???????(point particles)
  ???(partons)????

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?????????? Stanford Linear Accelerator SLAC
Photos Courtesy Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center. www.slac.stanford.edu/
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Nobel Prize in Physics 1990
for their pioneering investigations concerning
deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons
and bound neutrons, which have been of essential
importance for the development of the quark model
in particle physics.
Photo courtesy SLAC http//www2.slac.stanford.edu/
vvc/nobel/1990nobel.html
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????????

• ????
• (Quark matter)

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???????Ultra-relativistic Heavy-ion collisions

• QCD???????????????
• ?????????????? ??(phase transition)
• ???????

Tc140 MeV
1012K!
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Figures courtesy Brookhaven National
Lab http//www.bnl.gov/RHIC/
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1km
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
Brookhaven National Lab, NY
??? 2000???
???(??)??? 200GeV/n (v0.99995c)??,???????1012
K,?????????
Figures courtesy Brookhaven National Lab
http//www.bnl.gov/RHIC/
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??????
Photo downloaded from http//www.bnl.gov/rhic/fas
cinating.htm
?????????? STAR
Photo downloaded from http//www.star.bnl.gov/
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Au on Au
Downloaded from Brookhaven National Lab
webpage http//www.bnl.gov/rhic/fascinating.htm
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A real event in one of the detectors
Downloaded from Brookhaven National Lab
webpage http//www.bnl.gov/rhic/full_en_images.htm

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??????

• ???????????? ?????? (Quark-gluon Plasma)?
• ?????????,????????10-23s
• ????????TltTc?????(?, K,p,n,)
• ?????????????
• ????

http//www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/2003/bnlpr06110
3.htm
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????????

• 2. ???
• (strange stars)

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??? (compact stars)

• ?????(M gt 3Mo)??????????(supernova)
• ???????????,????????? (1.5 Mo, R10-100 km)

?????
Animation courtesy Bryan Preston (STScI/AVL)
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SN1987A ???1987A
Photo courtesy Anglo-Australian Observatory
Photo courtesy NOAO
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???? M1
M1 ???
???? ??????????neutron star
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(No Transcript)
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????? (strange stars)
??? u, d, s ??????? ??????????????
???,????????? (R7 km),???????
4/2002 3C58 ?RXJ 1856.5-3754 ??????!
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RXJ 1856.5-3754
R11.3 km ??!
Photos courtesy NASA/CXC/SAO downloaded from
http//chandra.harvard.edu/press/kits/strangematte
r/index.html
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3C58
SN1181 ?????? ???? lt 106 K
Chandra X-ray
Photo courtesy NASA/CXC/SAO
http//www1.msfc.nasa.gov/NEWSROOM/news/releases/2
002/02-082.html
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???????
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???????

• ?????????????
• ??????? (Klaus Colanero, PhD)
• ?????? (???, MPhil)
• ?????????????? (??????,MPhil)

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??? ???
??

• ?????
• ??????????
• ????????????
• ????????(??)1053 ergs
• ???????

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?????????????

• ???(quarks)?????(strong force)
• ??????(confinement)
• ????? ????-??????? (deep inelastic
  electron-nucleon scattering)
• ????(quark matter) ??????!
• ???(strange stars)

??!