Foot and Mouth Disease

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Foot and Mouth Disease

• Trina Johnson, Cari Ostrom, Carolyn Ritter, Craig
  Spray, and Lindsay Wilson

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What is Foot and Mouth?

• Acute viral infectious disease
• Begins with fever, followed by the development of
  vesicles on mouth and feet
• Very infectious and spreads rapidly
• Wild and domesticated cloven hoofed animals are
  affected
• Rarely fatal, but pregnant animals often abort
  and dairy cattle may dry up

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Illustration
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Universal Symptoms of Foot and Mouth Disease

• Shivering
• Tender and sore feet
• Slobbering and smacking lips
• Blisters on hoof, feet, snout, or tongue

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Illustration
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Clinical disease and diagnosis

• All species of cloven-hoofed animals are
  susceptible to FMD, including domestic livestock
  and wild ungulates. Clinical signs are
  essentially similar in all species although the
  severity may vary.

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Specific signs in Cattle

• Slobbering and smacking lips
• Shivering
• Tender and sore feet
• Reduced milk yield
• Sores and blisters on feet
• Raised body temperature

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Specific signs in Sheep

• Sudden, severe lameness
• Lying down frequently and unwillingness to rise
• Reluctance to move
• Blisters found on the hoof, dental pad and
  sometimes tongue

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Specific signs in Swine

• Sudden lameness
• Preference to lie down
• Loud squeal and hobbling when set into motion
• Blisters may develop on snout, tongue and/or hoof

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Important!!

• Swine Vesicular Disease has identical symptoms to
  FMD. Therefore anyone who sees blisters in pigs
  must report the sighting as suspected FMD, until
  laboratory tests prove otherwise.

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How its spread!

• Although there are numerous ways this disease can
  be spread, three surface to the top.

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Most predominant paths of transmission are..

• Human intervention
• Animal to Animal contact
• Airborne transmission

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Human intervention

• People wearing contaminated clothing, or footwear
• Using contaminated equipment I.e. veterinary
  tools, shovels, etc.
• Contaminated vehicles traveling from farm to farm
• Using contaminated facilities to house
  susceptible animals

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Animal to Animal contact

• Animals carrying the virus are introduced to
  susceptible herds
• Susceptible cows inseminated by infected bulls
• Direct contact with infected wildlife

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Airborne transmission

• Through the air in aerosols from infected animals
• Birds can play a substantial role in transmission
  as well

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Ways to Control Foot and Mouth Disease

• Vaccination
• Surveillance programs
• Quarantine procedures
• Establishment of control zones
• Strict Biosecurity
• Reporting of confirmed cases
• Using All-In/All-Out
• Cleansing and disinfection
• Over 250 approved disinfectants
  (www.ahda.org.uk/disinfectants.htm)

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Vaccine Choice

• Safe
• Potent
• Proven protection
• Appropriate
• Consult National or International Reference
  laboratory or a manufacturer about the most
  appropriate strain to use

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Vaccine Strains Have Been Selected For Their

• Immunogenicity
• Ability to grow well in tissue culture
• Broad antigenic spectrum

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Individual Herd Vaccination

• Reduces the morbidity in adults
• Reduces mortality in young
• Reduces likelihood of incursion
• Can reduce the severity and duration of the
  disease due to raising the herds immunity level
• Combined with good biosecurity control

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Advice to Farmers

• Keep Livestock separate
• Deal with sheep last
• Keep yourself clean
• Keep the farm secure
• Keep unnecessary vehicles away
• Clean and disinfect
• Avoid visiting other farms
• Look for early signs of disease

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Eradication of FMD

• Slaughter and disposal is essential to eliminate
  the source
• A rapid and complete elimination is necessary

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Disposal

• Cremation (preferred)
• Burial
• Rendering

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Movement controls

• Infected area
• Protection zone
• Surveillance zone

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Emergency Vaccine(Two Objectives)

• Dampening down vaccinations
• Protective emergency vaccinations to produce an
  immune belt

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Questions?