SPECIAL SENSES

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SPECIAL SENSES

• Eyes
• Ears

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Medical Specialties

• Audiologist audi/o hearing)
• Ophthalmologist (ophthalm/o eye)
• Optometrist (opto vision
  metrist one who measures)
• Otolaryngologist (oto ear laryng larynx)

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Abbreviations

• EYE
• OD right eye
• OS left eye
• OU each eye or
• both

• EAR
• AD right ear
• AS left ear
• AU each ear or
• both

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Functions of Eyes

• To receive images and transmit them to the brain
• Opt sight
• Ocul eye
• Extraocular outside eyeball
• Intraocular within the eye

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Prefixes

• EYE
• Opt/i
• opt/o
• optic/o
• ophthalm/
• Lens phac/o
• Retina retin/o

• Iris
• ir/o
• ir/a
• irid/o
• irit/o
• Lacrimal
• lacrim/o
• dacry/o

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Function of the ears

• To receive sound impulses and trasnmit to the
  brain.
• Inner ear helps maintain balance
• Auditory pertaining to the sense of hearing
• Audit hearing -ory pertaining to
• Acoustic relating to sound or hearing
• Acous- hearing -tic pertaining to

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Structures of the EyeAdnexa of the Eyes

• Orbit eye socket
• Eye Muscles
• Eyelids
• Upper lower
• Canthus
• Inner canthus
• Epicanthus
• Tarsus
• Eyebrows

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Structures of the EyeAdnexa of the Eyes

• Conjunctiva
• Lacrimal Apparatus tear apparatus
• Lacrimal glands
• Lacrimation
• Lacrimal canaliculi
• Lacrimal sac (dacryocyst)
• Lacrimal duct nasolacrimal

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Structures of the EyeEyeball
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Structures of the EyeSclera
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Structures of the EyeUveal Tract

• Choroid layer or coat
• Iris
• Pupil
• Lens
• Ciliary body

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Structures of the EyeRetina

• Rods and cones
• Macula Lutea
• Fovea Centralis
• Optic disk
• Optic Nerve

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Rods and cones
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Segments of the EyeAnterior Segment

• Anterior chamber
• Posterior chamber
• Aqueous fluid (aqueous humor)
• Trabecular meshwork
• Canal of Schlemm
• Intraocular

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Segments of the EyePosterior

• Vitreous humor ( vitreous gel)

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Normal Action of the Eye

• Accommodation
• Convergence
• Emmetropia (EM)
• Visual Acuity
• Snellen chart
• First number

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Pathology of the EyeEyelids

• Blepharoptosis
• Hordeolum
• Chalazion hordeolum
• Dacryocystitis
• Conjunctivitis
• xerophthalmia

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Pathology of the EyeSclera, Cornea, Iris

• Scleritis
• Keratitis
• Corneal abrasion
• Corneal ulcer
• Iritis

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Pathology of the EyeEye

• Anisocoria
• Cataract
• Choked disk (papilledema)
• Floaters
• Nystagmus
• Retinal detachment
• Uveitis

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Cataract
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Pathology of the Eye

• Glaucoma
• Increased intraocular pressure
• Open angle closed angle
• Macular Degeneration
• Loss of central vision

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Pathology of the EyeFunctional Defects

• Diplopia (double vision) dipl double
• Hemianopia
• Monochromatism (color blindness)
• Mono one chromat- color
• Nyctalopia (night blindness) nyctal night
• Presbyopia (presby old age)
• Strabismus squint
• Esotropia (eso inward)
• Exotropia (exo outward)

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Pathology of the EyeRefractive Disorders

• Lens and cornea do not bend light so as to focus
  properly on retina
• Ametropia (ametr- from the eye)
• Astigmatism
• Hyperopia (far-sightedness)
• Myopia (nearsighterness

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Refraction

• Normal sight focused on retina
• Myopia (nearsightedness) focused front of retina
• Hyperopia (farsightedness) focused beyond retina

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Pathology of the EyeBlindness

• Amblyopia (ambly- dim or dull)
• Blindness
• Legal blindness
• Scotoma (blind spot)

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Diagnostic Eye Procedures
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Diagnostic Procedures of the EyeRoutine
Diagnostic Procedures

• Visual acuity measurement
• Refraction
• diopter
• Tonometry
• Intraocular pressure
• Dialate
• Mydriatic drops

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Diagnostic Procedures of the EyeSpecialized
Diagnostic Procedures

• Fluorescein staining
• Fluorescein angiography (IVFA)
• Visual field test

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Treatment ProceduresOrbit Eyelids

• Orbitotomy (orbit bony socket)
• Tarsectomy (tars eyelid)
• Tarsorrhaphy

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Treatment ProceduresConjunctiva, Cornea, Iris

• Conjunctivoplasty (conjunctivo conjunctiva
• Corneal transplant (keratoplasty)
• Iridectomy (irid- iris)
• Radial keratotomy RK (kerat cornea)

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Treatment ProceduresCataract Surgery

• Lensectomy
• Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE)
• Intracapsular extraction (ICCE)
• Phacoemulsification
• Intraocular lens (IOL)
• Aphakia
• Pseudophakia

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Treatment ProceduresLaser Treatment

• Laser trabeculoplasty open angle
• Laser iridotomy closed angle
• Retinopexy (reattach detached retina)
• Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)

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EARS

• Ears
• acust/o
• acusia/o
• audi/o
• audit/o
• ot/o

• Outer ear
• pinn/i
• Middle ear
• myring/o
• tympan/o
• Inner ear
• labyrinth/o

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Structures of the EarsOuter Ear

• Pinna (auricle)
• External auditory canal
• Cerumen (earwax)

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Structures of the EarsThe Middle Ear

• Tympanic membrane (TM) eardrum
• Myring/o tympan/o
• Mastoid cells
• Auditory Ossicles
• Malleus - hammer
• Incus - anvil
• Stapes - stirrup
• Eustachian Tubes
• Oval window

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Tympanic Membrane
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Structures of the EarsInner Ear (labyrinth)

• Cochlea
• Cochlear duct
• Organ of corti
• Auditory nerve fibers
• Semicircular canals
• Endolymph
• equlibrium
• Acoustic Nerves

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Function of the Ear

• Air conduction
• Bone conduction
• sensorineural

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Pathology of the EarOuter Ear

• Impacted cerumen
• Otalgia
• Otitis
• Otitis externa
• Otomycosis (swimmers ear)
• Otopyorrhea
• Otorrhagia

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Pathology of the Ear Middle Ear

• Eustachitis
• Mastoiditis
• Myringitis
• Otosclerosis
• Patulous eustachian tube

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Pathology of the Ear Middle Ear

• Otitis media
• Acute otitis media (AOM)
• Serous otitis media
• Otitis media with effusion
• Escape of fluid from blood or lymph
• Purulent otitis media

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Pathology of the Ear Inner Ear

• Labyrinthitis
• vertigo
• Menières syndrome
• Tinnitus

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Pathology of the EarHearing Loss

• Deafness
• Conductive hearing loss
• Noise-induced hearing loss
• Sensorineural hearing loss
• Presbycusis

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Diagnostic Procedures of the Ear

• Audiomery
• Audiomenter
• Speech audiometry
• Evoked potential audiometer
• Tympanometry
• Monoaural
• Binaural

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Treatment Procedures of the EarOuter Ear

• Otoplasty

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Treatment of the EarMiddle Ear

• Mastioidectomy
• Myringectomy
• Myringotomy
• Tympanocentesis
• Tympanoplasty
• Tympanostomy
• Stapedectomy

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Treatment of the EarInner Ear

• Fenestration
• Labyrinthectomy
• Labyrinthotomy

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Tongue, Tympanic membrane
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