Biochemistry The Macromolecules of Life

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BiochemistryThe Macromolecules of Life

• Chapter 2.3

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Organic Chemistry

• The study of all compounds that have bonds
  between carbon atoms.

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Importance of Carbon

• Carbon has 4 valence electrons
• It tends to form covalent bonds with other carbon
  atoms

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• In doing so, carbon can form a variety of shapes

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chains
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rings
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branches
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• or combinations of chains, rings, and branches.

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Macromolecules

• Carbon is able to form large and complex
  molecules called macromolecules

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• Macromolecules are made by polymerization in
  which small compounds (called monomers) are put
  together to make larger compounds (called
  polymers)

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• There are 4 types of organic macro-molecules
  (organic polymers)
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydratessugars

• Made of C, H, O in a 21 (HO) ratio Ex C6H12O6
• Monomer is
  monosaccharide

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• Glucose quick energy
• Starch plant storage
• Glycogen animal storage
• Cellulose structure in plants
• Chitin exoskeleton in crayfish, etc

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• Examples include galactose, fructose,
  polysaccharides (like starch and cellulose)
• Used as the main source of fuel and/or structural
  purposes

• Found in breads, cereals,
• pasta, potatoes, corn

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Lipids fats

• Made of mostly of C and H and O
• Monomer is glycerol attached to fatty acids

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• Used to store energy, make cell membranes,
  waterproof coverings
• Examples saturated fats, unsaturated fats,
  polyunsaturated fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol,
  steroids

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• Contained in dairy products,
• meats, some vegetables

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Nucleic Acids

• Made of C, H, O, N, P
• Monomers are nucleotides

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• Used to store and transmit genetic information
• Examples include DNA and RNA
• Found in any food that contains cells

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Proteins

• Contains C, H, O, N (S, P)
• Monomers are amino acids

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• Used to regulate chemical reactions and cell
  processes, form body structures, transport
  materials, or fight disease

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• Examples include enzymes, antibodies, muscle
  tissue
• Contained in meats, legumes, dairy products