Between Two Fires

1
Between Two Fires
The Inter-War Period
2
Russia - National Collapse

• World War I was devastating for Russia
• Russias lack of industrial development made it
  incapable of sustaining a modern war effort.
• With Tsar Nicholas failure as a war leader and
  Tsarina Alexandra ineptitude leading the country
  at home (coming under the influence of holy man
  Rasputin) he prestige of the regime was in
  question.

Gregori Rasputin
3
End of the Tsarist Regime

• In early 1917, strikes sweep Petrograd (St.
  Petersburg)
• Unrest results from war-weariness, famines, and
  runaway inflation.
• The tsar dissolved the Duma in March.
• Nicholas sent troops against the demonstrators,
  but they joined them.
• The Tsar abdicated on March 15 (February
  Revolution)

4
The Provisional Government

• The Duma now became the government, under the
  leadership of Prince Lvov.
• The liberal dominated Provisional Government
  promised reforms, elections, and a constitution
  to create a republic.
• The government continued the war against the
  Central Powers.
• Meanwhile, socialists creates soviets (councils
  of workers and soldiers) in Petrograd and other
  cities they gave tacit support to the
  Provisional Government.

5
The Bolsheviks

• In April, 1917, Vladimir I. Lenin, leader of the
  Marxist Bolsheviks, returned for exile in
  Switzerland.
• He presented his program for workers revolution,
  the April Theses, to his followers.
• The Bolsheviks called for Peace, Land, and
  Bread as their slogan for revolution.

6
The July Days

• The continued military failures resulted in
  revolt against the Provisional Government.
• The Petrograd Soviet opposed the revolt, the
  Bolsheviks supported it.
• With the revolt suppressed, Lenin was forced to
  flee to Finland, but his support gained him
  followers.
• In late July, socialist Alexander Kerensky became
  leader of the Provisional Government.

Alexander Kerensky
7
The October Revolution

• Lenin returned and began plans to overthrow the
  provisional government.
• On Oct. 24 (Nov. 6) the Red Guards of the
  Petrograd Soviet seized power from the
  Provisional Government.
• The next day, Lenin announced the creation of the
  new regime after a takeover with little violence.

8
V.I. Lenin

• Born Vladimir Ilyich Ulianov in 1870.
• Studied law, but became involved in radical
  activities which got him exiled in 1900.
• In 1898, Russian Marxists founded the Social
  Democratic Party, they split in two Bolsheviks
  and Mensheviks.

9
The Bolshevik Regime

• The Bolsheviks urged on socialist reforms after
  the October Revolution.
• They called workers seizure of land and
  factories.
• Titles of nobility were abolished
• The Russian Orthodox Church was supressed.

10
The Constituent Assembly

• The Provisional Government had scheduled an
  election for November which Lenin allowed to go
  forward.
• The Bolsheviks won only 225 seats, while the
  rural back Socialist Revolutionary Party won 420
  seats.
• After meeting once in Jan. 1918, Lenin dissolved
  the assembly.
• He also formed he Cheka (secret police) to combat
  counter-revolutionary activity,

11
Ending the War

• Negotiations between Russia and Germany led to
  the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in
  March 1918.
• Lenin accepted its harsh terms because he knew
  Russia could not fight on and he believed
  revolution would soon come to Germany.
• The treaty was nullified by Germanys surrender
  in November 1918.

12
Civil War

• The October Revolution had caught their opponents
  off guard, by spring 1918 they had regrouped.
• The Bolsheviks (who now called themselves
  Communists) controlled the industrial centers and
  organized the Red Army under Leon Trotsky to gain
  control of the rest of the country

Leon Trotsky
13
Civil War

• The anti-communist forces became known as the
  Whites.
• They were poorly organized.
• When they threatened to rescue the royal family,
  the family was killed in July 1918.
• The Allies provided limited support to the Whites
  and they were eventually defeated in 1920.

14
War Communism

• During the Civil War, the regime nationalized all
  major industries and financial institutions.
• Private trade and commerce was prohibited.
• This radical change caused the economy to spiral
  into chaos, causing food and fuel shortages.

15
The New Economic Policy

• Discontent mounted with the worsening economic
  situation.
• Recognizing the need for change, Lenin introduced
  the NEP in March 1921.
• While major industries remained nationalized,
  small industries (particularly in agriculture)
  were allowed to trade privately.
• Lenin justified this as one step backward to take
  two steps forward.

16
The Soviet Union

• Russia renamed to Soviet Union in 1924 (Union of
  Soviet Socialist Republics -- USSR)
• It contained 11 semi-autonomous republics.
• The 1936 Stalin Constitution created the Supreme
  Soviet (parliament) directly elected by all
  citizens 18 and over.

17
The Soviet Government

• In reality, state control was exercised by the
  Communist Party.
• Central Committee was the apex of Soviet power
  (about 70 people in 1930s)
• Politburo About a dozen members dominated
  discussions of policy and personnel
• General Secretary highest position of power
  created by Stalin

18
Power Struggle

• Power struggle ensued after Lenins death in
  1924 he left no chosen successor
• Joseph Stalin believed in "Socialism in one
  Country" first, Russia had to be strong
• Establishment of a Socialist economy without the
  aid of the West

19
Power Struggle

• Leon Trotsky believed in "permanent revolution"
  continuing a world revolution
• Party leaders believed Trotsky was too
  idealistic Russia first had to survive
• Stalin gained control in 1927 and had total
  control by 1929 Trotsky exiled soon after.

20
Stalins Victory

• Stalin maneuvered to gain support in the
  Communist Party.
• He allied himself with various members of the
  party.
• He had Trotsky expelled then exiled to Mexico,
  where he was murdered by a Stalinist agent in
  1940.

21
The Five Year Plans

• "Revolution from above" (1st Five Year Plan),
  1928 marked end of NEP
• Objectives
• Total industrial output to increase by 250
  steel by 300 agriculture by 150
• 1/5 of peasants were scheduled to give up their
  private plots and join collective farms
• We are 50 or 100 years behind the advanced
  countries. We must make good this distance in 10
  years. Either we do it or we shall go under.

22
The Five Year Plans

• Results steel up 400 (now 2nd largest steel
  producer in Europe) oil up 300 massive
  urbanization (25 million people moved to cities)
• Costs quality of goods suspect standard of
  living did not rise

23
Collectivization

• Collectivization was the greatest of all costs
• Purpose bring peasantry under absolute control
  of the communist state
• Consolidation of individual peasant farms into
  large, state-controlled enterprises.
• Farmers paid according to amount of work portion
  of harvest paid to gov't

24
Collectivization

• Goals
• Use of machines in farm production, to free more
  people to work in industry
• Gov't control over production
• Extend socialism to countryside

25
Collectivization

• Results
• Opposed by farmers as it placed them in a bound
  situation like the mirs.
• Kulaks, wealthiest peasants, offered greatest
  resistance to collectivization
• Stalin ordered party workers to "liquidate them
  as a class."
• 10 million dead due to collectivization (7
  million in forced starvation in Ukraine)

26
Collectivization

• Results
• Agricultural output no greater than in 1913
• By 1933, 60 of peasant families were on
  collective farms 93 by 1938.
• Eventually, the state was assured of grain for
  bread for urban workers who were more important
  politically than the peasants.
• Collective farmers first had to meet grain quotas
  before feeding themselves.

27
Soviet Reforms

• Benefits for workers
• Old-age pensions, free medical services, free
  education, and day-care centers for children
• Education was key to improving ones position
  specialized skills and technical education.
• Many Russians saw themselves building worlds
  first socialist society while capitalism crumbled
  during the Great Depression
• USSR attracted many disillusioned Westerners to
  communism in the 1930s.

28
Stalin's propaganda campaign

• Purpose To glorify work to soviet people--an
  attempt to encourage worker productivity
• Used technology for propaganda
• Newspapers (esp. Pravda), films, and radio
  broadcasts emphasized socialist achievements and
  capitalist plots.
• Sergei Eisenstein patriotic Russian filmmaker
  (socialist realism)
• Writers artists expected to glorify Stalin and
  the state work was closely monitored
• Religion was persecuted Stalin hoped to turn
  churches into "museums of atheism"

29
Women

• Russian Revolution immediately proclaimed
  complete equality of rights for women.
• In 1920s divorce and abortion made easily
  available.
• Women urged to work outside the home and many
  women worked as professionals and in
  universities.
• Women still expected to do household chores in
  off hours as Soviet men considered home and
  children womens responsibility.
• Men continued to monopolize the best jobs.
• Rapid change and economic hardship led to many
  broken families.

30
The Great Purge

• First directed against peasants after 1929,
  terror used increasingly on leading Communists,
  powerful administrators, and ordinary people,
  often for no apparent reason.
• The "Great Purge" resulted in 8 million arrests
• Show trials used eradicate "enemies of the
  people" (usually ex-party members)

31
The Great Purge

• Late 1930s, dozens of Old Bolsheviks tried and
  executed (Lenin's closest followers)
• Purges 40,000 army officers were expelled or
  liquidated (weakened USSR in WWII)
• Millions of citizens were killed, died in labor
  camps, or simply disappeared.

32
Postwar Italy

• World War I left Italy with little national
  glory.
• Economic problems plagued the country.
• Huge national debt
• Runaway inflation
• Massive unemployment
• The Socialist Party appeared ready to fill the
  political vacuum, but they remained split.

33
Causes for Rise of Fascism

• In early 20th century, Italy was a liberal state
  with civil rights and constitutional monarchy.
• Versailles Treaty Italian nationalists angry
  that Italy did not receive any Austrian or
  Ottoman territory, (Italia Irredenta) or
  Germanys African colonies as promised.
• Depression in 1919 caused nationwide strikes and
  class tension.
• Failure of strong leadership opened opportunities.

34
Fascism

• Wealthy classes fearful of communist revolution
  looked to strong anti-communist leader
• By 1921 revolutionary socialists, conservatives
  and property owners were all opposed to liberal
  parliamentary government.
• Fascism in Italy eventually a combination of
  conservative authoritarianism and modern
  totalitarianism (although not as extreme as
  Russia or Germany)

35
Benito Mussolini

• Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) rises to power ("Il
  Duce")
• Editor of a socialist newspaper yet was a
  nationalist.
• Organized the Fascist party
• Initially, failed to succeed because of
  competition from well-organized Socialists.

36
Fascist Movement

• Combination of socialism and nationalism
  territorial expansion, benefits for workers, and
  land reform for peasants.
• Named after fasces the rods carried by Imperial
  Roman officials as symbols of power.
• 1920, Mussolini gained support of conservative
  classes and frightened middle class for
  anti-Socialist rhetoric abandoned his socialist
  programs.
• Blackshirts (squadristi) Paramilitary forces
  attacked Communists, socialists, and other
  enemies of the fascist program (later, Hitler's
  "Brown Shirts" followed this example)

37
Fascist Movement

• March on Rome, October 1922 led to Mussolini
  taking power
• Mussolini demanded resignation of existing govt
  and his own appointment by the king.
• Large group of Fascists marched on Rome to
  threaten king to accept Mussolini's demands.
• Government collapsed Mussolini received right to
  organize a new cabinet (government).
• Victor Emmanuel III gave him dictatorial powers
  for 1 year to end nations social unrest.

38
The Corporate State

• Corporate State (syndicalist-corporate system)
  was the economic basis for Italian fascism.
• Everything in the state, nothing outside the
  state, nothing against the state.
• By 1928, all independent labor unions organized
  into government-controlled syndicates
• Established organizations of workers and
  employers and outlawed strikes and walkouts.
• Created corporations which coordinated activities
  between worker-employer syndicates.
• Authority from the top, unlike socialist
  corporate states where workers made decisions.

39
Fascist Rule

• Right to vote severely limited.
• All candidates for Italian parliament selected by
  Fascist party.
• Government ruled by decree.
• Dedicated fascists put in control of schools.
• Created fascist youth movement, labor unions, and
  other fascist organizations Dopolavoro (After
  Work) and Balilla (Fascist Youth Organization)
  failed to regulate leisure time.

40
Fascist Rule

• Mussolini never became all-powerful
• Failed in attempt to Fascistize Italian society
  by controlling leisure time
• Old power structure of conservatives, military,
  and church remained intact.
• Mussolini never attempted to purge conservative
  classes.
• He propagandized and controlled labor but left
  big business to regulate itself.

41
Fascist Rule

• Did not establish ruthless police state (only 23
  political prisoners executed bet. 1926-1944)
• Racial laws not passed until 1938 and savage
  persecution of Jews not until late in WWII when
  Italy was under Nazi control.

42
Women Under Fascism

• Divorce abolished and women told to stay home and
  procreate.
• Decreed a special tax on bachelors in 1934.
• 1938, women limited by law to a maximum of 10 of
  better-paying jobs in industry gov't

43
Fascist Accomplishments

• Internal improvements made such as
  electrification and road building.
• More efficient municipal governing.
• Suppression of the Mafia
• Improvement of the justice system (except for
  enemies of the state)
• Lateran Pact, 1929, resulted in reconciliation
  with the papacy

44
Postwar Germany

• With the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II on Nov.
  9th, 1918, Germany became a republic under the
  leadership of the Social Democrats.
• This came as a shock to most, since they believed
  Germany was winning the war.
• The republic faced its first challenge with the
  Spartacist Revolt in Jan. 1919.

45
Weimar Republic

• German voters chose democracy as the National
  Assembly met in Weimar to draft a constitution.
• It created a two house parliament (elected by
  proportional representation) and a president.
• Despite this, many conservative nationalists
  remained in positions of power and resented the
  republic.

46
Economic Problems

• The reparations debt of 132 billion marks (33
  billion) crippled Germany.
• Default allowed the French to occupy the
  industrial Ruhr Valley in 1923.
• The industrial workers there refused to work for
  the French.
• To support them, Germany printed money, causing
  rapid inflation.

47
Economic Recovery

• Gustav Stresemann, replaced the old mark with a
  new one, stabilizing the currency.
• Passive resistance was ended in the Ruhr and the
  reparations issue was addressed.
• The Dawes Plan had Germany pay variably depending
  on economic strength
• In 1925, the Ruhr occupation ended.
• The infusion of foreign loans and investment led
  to recovery in the late 1920s.

48
The Depression and 1930 Elections

• President Hindenburg faced economic crisis with
  the depression in 1930.
• In the 1930 election, the Nazis increased their
  seats to 107 with the support of the lower middle
  class and peasants.
• The Social Democrats continued to be the largest
  party with 143 seats and the communists held 77.

Hindenburg
49
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)

• Born in Austria, he was a poor student who
  unsuccessfully attempted to become an artist in
  Vienna.
• Moving to Munich, he began to absorb right-wing
  ideas.
• He enlisted in the German army and won the Iron
  Cross.

50
The Nazi Party

• In Munich after the war, Hitler joined then
  reorganized a small nationalist group soon to be
  called the National Socialist German Workers
  Party (NSDAP) or Nazis.
• He gained followers by speaking of Germanys ills
  and the disgrace of the Versailles Treaty.
• He formed a paramilitary wing, the SA, or Brown
  Shirts.

51
The Nazi Party

• In the Munich Beer Hall Putsch of Nov. 1923,
  Hitler and the Nazis unsuccessfully attempted to
  seize power.
• Hitler was imprisoned for nine months.
• While in jail, he wrote Mein Kampf, which
  expounded his views on race, politics and German
  expansion (lebensraum).

52
Rise of Hitler

• Following the 1930 elections, Hindenburg and
  Chancellor Bruning ruled by decree, but had no
  success with the economy.
• In spring 1932, Hitler challenged Hindenburg for
  the presidency. Hindenberg was relected and
  appointed Franz von Papen as chancellor.
• He failed to gain wide support and he called for
  new elections. In July the Nazis emerged with
  209 seats, in November, 196).

53
Rise of Hitler

• Papen resigned and was replaced by Kurt von
  Schleicher.
• Papen then worked with Hitler to return to power.
• On Jan. 30, 1933, they convinced Hindenburg to
  appoint Hitler chancellor and Papen vice
  chancellor.
• Papen believed he could control Hitler and be the
  true leader of the government.

54
Creation of the Nazi Dictatorship

• New elections scheduled for March 1933 were
  preceded by the Reichstag fire of Feb. 27.
• Hitler blamed the Communists and convinced
  Hindenburg to curtail liberties.
• In the March 5 election, the Nazis won 288 seats
  (44) and with their nationalist allies
  controlled the government (88 communists were
  banned).

55
Creation of the Nazi Dictatorship

• March 23, 1933 the Reichstag passed the
  Enabling Act, giving Hitler dictatorial powers
  for 4 years.
• The Nazis then consolidated power by ending the
  federal system, abolishing labor unions,
  outlawing all other political parties.
• The SS and Gestapo were created and with the
  death of Hindenburg in 1934, Hitler assumed his
  powers and control of the military.

56
Nazi Anti-Semitism

• Germanys Jews number about 600,000.
• Nazi persecutions began immediately, but
  intensified with the passage of the Nuremberg
  Laws of 1935.
• It defined Jews as anyone with one Jewish
  grandparent (increasing the number to 2.5
  million) and deprived them of citizenship.
• On Nov. 9th, 1938, Kristallnacht had mobs
  destroying synagogues and business and the
  required wearing of the Star of David on clothing.

57
Nazi Economic Policy

• Socialist in Nazi party terms meant
  subordination to the needs of the state.
• Capitalists were allowed to keep their businesses
  and profits if they cooperated.
• Unemployment was drastically reduced through
  public works projects such as the autobahns and
  the Four Year Plans of 1936 which focused on the
  increase in military production.

58
Hungary

• Despite being a constitutional government,
  Hungary continued to be dominated through rigged
  elections by the old Magyar aristocracy.
• Fascism slowly grew in appeal, as did
  anti-Semitism.
• Even so, Hungary never became a full-fledged
  dictatorship.

59
Romania

• Romanias liberal government gave way to the rule
  of King Carol II, who admired Mussolini.
• The Iron Guard became the leader of fascist
  inspired activities in Romania.
• The government stripped most Jews of land and
  rights, tightened censorship and imposed martial
  law.
• In the late 1930s, Romania turned away from
  Fascism.

60
Yugoslavia

• King Alexander I assumed dictatorial powers in
  1929 in an attempt to suppress the growing
  nationalism of Serbians, Croats, and Slovenians.
• The nation drew closer to Germany and Italy, but
  turned back to democratic rule in the late 1930s.

King Alexander I
61
Bulgaria

• Bulgaria experienced a military coup in 1934
  which began a turn more toward fascism.
• But, like in many other states, Bulgaria moved
  back toward liberal measures.
• This was done for the support of France and
  Britain against a belligerent Germany and because
  fascist parties were hard to control.

62
Poland

• Poland was plagued by divisions over the proper
  course of the nation.
• Socialists, Catholics, Fascists, landowners and
  peasants fought for domination of the country.
• Marshall Jozef Pilsudski took power in an
  military revolt, which he relinquished once his
  followers had a majority in parliament.
• Poland continued to be dominated by the military.

Jozef Pilsudski
63
Greece

• The Greek Rep. (est. 1924) lasted little more
  than a decade.
• The growing power of the monarchists brought King
  George II back to the throne.
• When liberals made gains, General Metaxas
  declared himself dictator in a fascist style
  regime.

General Metaxas
64
Austria

• Austria, no longer an imperial nation, was
  divided between the cities and countryside.
• The Christian Socialist Party, which combined
  welfare, nationalism and antisemitism, moved
  toward fascism.
• They came into conflict with the Socialists.
• In the late 1930s Nazi Germany became a dominant
  influence.

65
Spain

• Economic problems and political discontent led to
  the rise of General Primo de Rivera in a fascist
  style dictatorship.
• His failure led to his exile by King Alfonso, who
  was later exiled himself.
• Republican government did nothing to solve
  Spains divisions, leading to the outbreak of the
  Spanish Civil War in 1936.

Primo de Rivera
66
Spread of Fascism

• Whether in power or not, most fascist movements
  had much in common.
• They used symbolism, marches, nationalism, and
  violence to gain supporters in the promise of
  national glory.
• They addressed peoples fears by rejecting
  Marxism and capitalism and called for order based
  on national unity.

Oswald Mosely
67
The Great Depression

• Despite a strong world economy in the 1920s deep
  seeded problems came to the fore.
• The United States, the largest creditor, kept
  much of Europes economy afloat (U.S. lent to
  Germany which paid reparations to Allies who
  repaid debts to U.S.).
• Many European industries continued to suffer and
  runaway inflation in Germany severely undermined
  its economy.

68
The Great Depression

• The U.S. stock market crash of 1929 began the
  process of world economic slide.
• With the loss of capital, the U.S. loans stopped,
  crippling the European economy.
• Banks around the world failed, industrial
  production dropped by a third, unemployment rose
  to the millions across Europe and the U.S.

69
The Great Depression

• Governments attempted to help, but most policies
  were ineffective in reducing unemployment or
  promoting production.
• The failures of the democracies to deal with
  these problems gave fascism and communism a new
  voice.
• Industrial production in the Soviet Union rose
  during the period.

70
Democracy on the Run

• The democracies of Western Europe did little to
  combat the rise of totalitarian government in
  central and eastern Europe.
• Political fragmentation and economic stagnation
  forces these nations to look inward.
• Authoritarians in these nations and across the
  globe were emboldened by the situation.

71
France

• Economic problems (similar to Germany)
• Death, devastation, and debt of WWI created
  economic chaos and political unrest
• Throughout the 1920s, the gov (multi-party
  system) dominated by the parties on the right
  (conservatives), which supported status quo and
  had backing of business, army, and Church.

72
France

• 1926, Raymond Poincaré recalled to office while
  prime minister Briand replaced but remained
  minister of foreign affairs.
• Govt slashed spending and raised taxes,
  restoring confidence in the economy.

73
Britain

• Wartime trend toward greater social equality
  continued, helping maintain social harmony.
• Representation of the Peoples Act (1928) women
  over 21 gained the right to vote. (Representation
  of Peoples Act of 1918 had given women over 30
  the right to vote).
• Unemployment was Britain's biggest problem in
  1920s about 12
• Did not recover from economic losses suffered
  during WWI

74
Britain

• 1926, General Strike support of miners who
  feared a dramatic drop in their low wages swept
  the country.
• Govt outlawed such labor actions in 1927
• Govt provided unemployment benefits of equal
  size to the unemployed and supplemented those
  payments with subsidized housing (200,000 units),
  medical aid, and increased old-age pensions.

75
Britain

• Labour party rose as a champion of the working
  classes and of greater social equality and took
  power briefly (9 months) led by Ramsay MacDonald
• Came to replace Liberal Party as main opposition
  to conservatives.
• Conservatives under Stanley Baldwin (1867-1947)
  ruled Britain between 1924 and 1929.
• Showed the same compromising spirit on social
  issues female suffrage, expanded pensions to
  widows, orphans and the aged.

76
The Irish Question

• After Easter Rebellion (1916) the extremist Sinn
  Fein faction gained prominence in Ireland.
• Prompted a civil war between the Irish Republican
  Army (IRA) and the Black and Tan, Englands
  special occupation forces there.
• October 1921, London created the Irish Free
  State, from which Ulster withdrew, as part of the
  British Commonwealth (Northern Ireland)
• In 1922, Britain granted southern, Catholic
  Ireland full autonomy after failing to suppress a
  bitter guerrilla war.

77
The Depression

• Shattered the fragile optimism of political
  leaders in the late 1920s
• Causes Long-term problems with the U.S. economy
  weak international economy, overproduction,
  unstable banking, certain weak industries, 1/2 of
  all Americans lived below poverty line.
• Stock Market Crash (1929) may have triggered U.S.
  depression that spread world wide

78
The Depression

• Impact on Europe
• Decline of production occurred in every country
  (except Russia with its command economy).
• Mass unemployment resulted Germany hit hardest
  (43) Britain 18, U.S. 25
• In 1931, Britain went off the gold standard 20
  other countries followed suit
• 1930, U.S. instituted extremely high tariff which
  resulted in retaliation by 23 other countries.
• New York bankers began recalling loans made to
  Germany and other European countries, thus
  exacerbating Europes economic crisis.

79
Economic Recovery

• Franklin Roosevelt's "New Deal" in U.S. sought to
  reform capitalism with increased gov't
  intervention in the economy
• Influenced certain European countries
• Keynesian approach (developed by John Maynard
  Keynes) used after 1938 to permanently prop up
  the economy through public works programs and
  subsidies.
• Scandinavia's response to depression was most
  successful under socialist gov't

80
British Recovery

• Orthodox economic theory followed after 1929
  went off gold-standard, reorganized industry,
  increased tariffs, reformed finances, cut govt
  spending, balanced budget (although unemployed
  workers received barely enough welfare to live
  on)
• Economy recovered considerably after 1932.
• Years after 1932 actually better than in the
  1920s.
• Like the U.S. Britain came out permanently from
  depression due to rearmament for WWII

81
French Recovery

• Felt impact of depression later as it wasn't as
  highly industrialized as Britain, Germany US
• The depression increased class tensions and gave
  birth to a radical right that supported govt
  reorganization along fascist lines.
• Popular Front Threat of fascism prompted
  coalition of republicans, socialists, communists
  and radicals led by Leon Blum

82
French Recovery

• French New Deal Inspired by US New Deal,
  encouraged union movement and launched
  far-reaching program of social reform, complete
  with paid vacations and a 40-hr work week.
• Failed due to high inflation and agitation from
  fascists and frightened conservatives in the
  Senate.
• French divisions resulting from Spanish Civil War
  destroyed Popular Front in 1936
• France remained divided as Germany continued its
  rearmament in late 1930s

83
The Spanish Civil War

• Spanish Civil War, 1936 Mussolini and Hitler use
  conflict as a testing ground for their military
  forces Italy's army Germany's airforce --
  Luftwaffe
• Fascism prevails under Francisco Franco also
  known as Falangists (or Royalists)
• League ineffective in helping republicans
  (Loyalists) against Franco.
• Rome-Berlin Axis formed ("Fascintern") an
  alliance between fascist Italy and Germany

84
A Culture of Uncertainty

• Trends that had begun in the pre-war years
  continued after World War I
• The culture of progress what replaced with a
  culture of uncertainty, irrationalism and the
  surreal.
• In all areas of culture and the sciences, the
  accepted values of the late 19th century came
  into question.

85
Study of the Mind

• Sigmund Freud
• Emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind
  in determining human behavior.
• Human behavior is largely irrational.
• Freud developed psychoanalysis to treat patients
  neuroses (behaviors caused by suppression of
  unconscious drives)

86
Study of the Mind

• Carl Jung
• Jung built upon Freuds ideas and applied them to
  society as a whole.
• Promoted the idea of collective unconsciousness
  that influenced society as a whole.

87
Literature

• Britain
• George Bernard Shaw
• Know for witty plays
• James Joyce
• Stream of consciousness
• H.G. Wells
• Science fiction
• D.H. Lawrence
• Sexually-explicit novels
• Aldous Huxley
• Distopia
• T.S. Eliot
• Playwright who wrote about the barrenness of
  modern life.

H.G. Wells
88
Literature

• Germany
• Thomas Mann
• Works dealt with sickness of modern civilization
• Franz Kafka
• Dealt with the alienation of the modern man
• Hermann Hesse
• Also dealt with the themes of isolation and
  alienation

Franz Kafka
89
Visual Arts

• Cubism
• Cubism explored the limits of art
• First fully modern art style.
• Pablo Picasso was its originator and most famous
  participant.

90
Picasso - Guernica
91
Visual Arts

• Dada
• Artistic movement that put on noisy exhibitions.
• Showed the irrational and complex nature of
  modern life.
• Focused on the absurd.

92
Visual Arts

• Expressionism
• Flourished in Germany in the years prior to World
  War I
• Emphasized the free expression of emotion in
  painting

93
Philosophy

• Futurism
• Movement centered in Italy but spread to the rest
  of Europe.
• Called the radical changes that focused the
  remaking of society.
• Pointed out irrationalism of modern society and
  how it needed to be changed focusing on the
  possibilities of technology.

94
Philosophy

• Oswald Spengler
• Looked at society as a biological organism that
  had its own life cycles.
• In The Decline of the West he believed that
  Europe was in its death cycle.

95
Sciences

• Albert Einstein
• Developed the theories of General and Special
  Relativity.
• Destroyed the Newtonian world view.
• Showed that the universe was not as it appeared.

96
Sciences

• Max Planck
• Developed the theories of quantum physics.
• Energy and matter are not all that different.
• Was incorporated into Einsteins theory of
  General Relativity (Emc2

97
Sciences

• Werner Heisenberg
• Developed the principle of uncertainty.
• The process of observing matter affects its speed
  and position.
• Confirmed the uncertainty of the universe.