NATION BUILDING AND NATIONIONALISM

1
NATION BUILDING AND NATIONIONALISM

• America Past and Present
• Chapter 9

2
Expansion and Migration

• American perspective shifts from Europe to West
  after 1815
• Land perceived as rich, unsettled
• Continent held in part by the English, Spanish,
  and Indians

3
Extending the Boundaries

• John Quincy Adams--expansionist secretary of
  state from 1816 to 1824
• Adams-Onis Treaty secures all Florida, U.S.
  boundary to Pacific
• Settled "West" still mostly east of Mississippi
  River

4
North America, 1819
5
Settlement to the Mississippi Indian Removal

• Indian Removal policy begins after 1815
• Some Indians retain tribal homelands
• Some Southern states claim jurisdiction over the
  Indians in their borders
• Former Indian land sold to speculators

6
Settlement to the Mississippi Settlers Move In

• By 1840 over 1/3 of U.S. population lives west of
  the Appalachians
• Speculators sell land parcels to settlers on
  credit
• Settlers immediately enter commercial farming to
  pay off debt
• Access to markets gained by network of market
  towns, regional centers

7
The People and Culture of the Frontier

• West settled to escape overpopulation, rising
  land prices, worn-out soil
• Settlers bring culture with them
• Cooperation, strong community necessary for
  survival
• Land values rise rapidly in a few years
• Price rise encourages rootlessness as many sell
  out and move on

8
A Revolution in Transportation

• Primitive land transportation in the East was
  offset by shipping via the coastal waterways
• After the War of 1812 political leaders
  recognized the need the need to improve the
  countrys transportation network

9
Roads and Steamboats

• National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to
  Wheeling, Virginia
• Private turnpikes built by entrepreneurs
• Roads useful but unprofitable

10
Roads and Steamboats (2)

• Network of rivers encourage economic development
• Flatboats transport down river early
• Steamboats transport upriver after 1811
• Upriver capabilities reduce costs
• Steamboat traffic stimulates Congress to
  establish safety regulations

11
The Canal Boom

• Erie Canal first transportation link between East
  and West, 1825
• Canal cuts East-West transportation costs
  dramatically
• Canal stimulates commercial growth of New York
  City

12
Emergence of a Market Economy

• Canals cut shipping expenses for western farmers
  and eastern manufacturers
• Steamboats on the rivers also reduced shipping
  costs and stimulated commercial agriculture

13
The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture

• Lower transportation costs mean greater income
  for the farmer
• Sale to distant markets involves farmers in a
  complex system of credit
• Market stimulates specialization
• Ohio Valley produces wheat
• Lower South produces cotton

14
Commerce and Banking

• Commercial farming stimulates new system of
  marketing
• Farmers borrow on future crops
• Use of credit stimulates banking
• State banks increase after 1812
• 1816--Second Bank of the United States created to
  check state banks
• Banks easy credit sparks Panic of 1819

15
Early Industrialism

• Rise in manufacturing after 1812
• Traditional methods but innovative financing
  through putting out system
• putting-out--merchants deliver raw materials
  for farm families, artisans to process
• Textile industry leads development of factory
  system

16
The Politics of Nation Building After the War of
1812

• Politics a one-party system after 1812
• Interest groups no longer take differences into
  the political arena
• Federal executive, legislature largely irrelevant
  to domestic economy
• Supreme Court exerts influence on economy by
  deciding crucial cases

17
The Republicans in Power

• Republicans begin adopting Federalist measures
  after War of 1812
• 1815 establish high tariffs
• 1816 charter a national bank
• federal aid for internal improvements
• Federal efforts to stimulate economy falter
• Madison, Monroe see Constitutional conflicts
• Efforts provoke sectional conflict

18
(No Transcript)
19
Monroe as President

• James Monroe elected President in 1816, reelected
  in 1820
• Monroe seeks national harmony
• Takes no action in Panic of 1819, believes
  president above such matters
• Provides no leadership controversy over Missouri

20
(No Transcript)
21
The Missouri Compromise The Issues

• 1817--Missouri applies for statehood as slave
  state
• Northerners believe South over-represented in
  House of Representatives
• House rejects unless slavery abolished
• South wishes to preserve balance between slave
  states and free states

22
The Missouri Compromise The Solution

• Missouri admitted as slave state
• Maine admitted as free state
• Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana Purchase
  above the latitude of 36E30'
• Missouri controversy exposed deep rift between
  North and South

23
The Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821
24
Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court

• John Marshall chief justice 1801-1835
• Marshall uses position to encourage national
  growth
• Believes Constitution exists to protect the
  industrious
• Protects individual property rights against
  government interference
• Marshall uses court decisions to limit powers of
  the states

25
Nationalism in Foreign PolicyThe Monroe Doctrine

• When Latin American nations revolt, U.S. supports
  new republics
• European ruling classes fear rebellion might
  prove contagious
• France was encouraged to squelch Spain's
  rebellious colonies
• Great Britain asks U.S. to cooperate against
  French in Latin America

26
Nationalism in Foreign Policy Monroe Doctrine (2)

• Monroe persuaded that U.S. alone must protect
  Latin American independence
• 1823--Monroe Doctrine warns European nations out
  of the Western Hemisphere
• Doctrine also promises U.S. will not interfere in
  European affairs
• Refocuses U.S. from worldwide struggles against
  tyranny to national development

27
The Troubled Presidency of John Quincey Adams

• James Monroe supports John Quincy Adams to
  succeed him
• Adams intelligent, keen interest in progress,
  loyal to nation, not sectional
• Nearly loses election of 1824
• A "gentleman" in an age of rising democracy
• Term of office fails because of fiercely
  contending sectional interests

28
The End of the Era of Good Feelings

• There were sharp divisions over how to achieve
  national greatness
• Elite nonpartisan statesmanship would soon give
  way to a more contentious democratic process