Chapter 12 Republic of Texas

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Chapter 12Republic of Texas

• Section 1 Sam Houstons Government

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D. Houstons foreign policy goals. Foreign
policies are a governments plan to deal with
issues with other countries. 1. Annexation
Texans voted to ratify the Constitution of 1836
and to support annexation by the United States.
Annexation when one country takes over all or
part of another country. 2. Recognition The
United States recognized Texas as a nation. Other
nations waited to see if Texas could hold on to
its freedom.
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• E. Domestic policies are a governments plans to
  deal with issues inside the country.
• 1. Military problems - Most of Houstons new
  troops had missed the Texas Revolution and they
  wanted to attack Mexico. Houston sent many of
  them home on leave. This saved money and keep
  them from causing trouble.
• 2. Relations with Texas Indians - Houston sent
  messages of friendship to several tribes. He
  tried to make treaties and set up trading posts.
  He had little support from Congress.
• 3. Economic policies- Houston tried to cut
  government spending and impose taxes. However,
  few Texans could pay. He printed money, which
  proved to be worth very little.

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• Under Sam Houstons leadership, the new congress
  began work in October of 1836.
• B. He formed a cabinet.
• cabinet a group of people in charge of carrying
  out the duties of the executive branch.
• Houston named Stephen F. Austin to his cabinet as
  secretary of state. Austin was in charge of
  relations with other countries.
• Columbia first capital.
• C. Sam Houston moved the capital to the town of
  Houston.

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Sam Houston could not run for reelection.

• The Texas Constitution of 1836 limited the
  presidency to 3 year terms, or length of time in
  office.
• He could run again but he could not serve two
  consecutive, or back to back terms.

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revenue

• Means money you earn or receive
• You pay your bills with revenue

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Expenditure

• Means money paid out or money you spend

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1. Foreign policy is a governments plan to deal
   with
2. (A) its enemies.
3. (B) immigration.
4. (C) issues inside the country.
5. (D) issues outside the country.
6. Why was Houston able to understand the problems
   of Native American tribes?
7. (A) He was a Native American himself.
8. (B) He had lived among the Cherokees for several
   years.
9. (C) His mother was a Native American.
10. (D) He was married to a Native American.

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1. Foreign policy is a governments plan to deal
   with
2. (A) its enemies.
3. (B) immigration.
4. (C) issues inside the country.
5. (D) issues outside the country.
6. Why was Houston able to understand the problems
   of Native American tribes?
7. (A) He was a Native American himself.
8. (B) He had lived among the Cherokees for several
   years.
9. (C) His mother was a Native American.
10. (D) He was married to a Native American.

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Section 2 Lamar as President1838-1841

• In 1838, Mirabeau Lamar became president of the
  Republic. He changed many of Houstons policies.
  
• 1. Lamar persuaded Congress to move the capital
  to a small frontier settlement called Waterloo.
• 2. As Waterloo grew, Congress renamed it Austin,
  in honor of Stephen F. Austin.

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3. Lamars Foreign Policies

• Relations with Mexico
• 1. Lamar offered Mexico 5 million to
• recognize Texas independence
• accept the Rio Grande as the southern border of
  Texas
• Mexico rejected the offer and would not
  negotiate.
• 2. Lamar tried to convince Santa Fe and eastern
  New Mexico to join Texas. His Santa Fe expedition
  angered Mexico.
• Expedition - a journey made for some special
  purpose

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B. Lamar was Against Annexation

• 1. Lamar wanted the Republic of Texas to become a
  great nation like the United States.
• 2. While he was president, France, then Great
  Britain, the Netherlands and Belgium all
  recognized Texas as a nation and agreed to trade
  with Texas.

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4. Lamars Domestic Policy

• A. Eduation His belief people need education
  to make good decisions.
• 1. Set aside land for public schools and 2
  public universities.
• 2. Started the states endowment fund money
  set aside for a specific purpose.

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• B. Military - Lamar strengthened the army and
  built a new navy. Believed strong military would
  force Mexico to recognize Texas.
• C. Relations with Indians Felt Indians had not
  place in Texas. He used the army and Texas
  Rangers to drive the Indians from the frontier.
  He removed the Cherokee from Texas in a battle
  fought by Van, Texas. They were sent to Indian
  Territory, now Oklahoma.
• D. Economic policies - Lamar ordered millions of
  paper dollars printed which had no value. His
  spending put Texas deeper in debt.

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Redbacks

• Paper money which was not backed by gold or money
  in the treasury.
• It had no real value.
• A dollar became worth about 15 cents.
• This devaluation of Texas currency (money)
• increased the Texas debt.

Value of Texas money
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Sam Houstons 2nd Term 1841-1844

• Sam Houston worked to reduce debt created by
  Lamars policies.
• Sam Houston worked to renew peace with Indians
• He settled a dispute over land titles in East
  Texas called the Regulator-Moderator War.

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The Archives War

• Mexican forces invaded South Texas after the
  Santa Fe Expedition.
• Houston ordered Texas Rangers to move the
  archives from Austin to Houston to be safer from
  attack.
• Archives are collections of important public
  documents, such as constitutions and other public
  records.
• The people of Austin resisted this move and
  attacked the Texas Rangers. The archives remained
  in Austin.

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Woll Invasion

• Mexican army of 1,400 invaded Texas in Sept. 1842
  led by General Woll.
• They occupied San Antonio until the Texas Rangers
  and the militia drove them out after heavy
  fighting.

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Somervell Expedition

1. Houston sent General Somervell to make sure that
   the Mexican army had left Texas.
2. He was told to invade Mexico only if he could
   beat the Mexicans. Somervell felt he could not,
   so he withdrew his troops.

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Soldiers disobey orders

• The Mier ExpeditionSome 300 of Somervells men
  refused to go home. Instead they attacked the
  Mexican town of Mier. When they ran out of
  supplies, they surrendered.
• Many escaped but were recaptured. As punishment,
  Santa Anna ordered 10 percent of them executed.
• In the Black Bean Episode, a lottery selected
  which 17 Texans would die.1.

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• Why did Houston order Texas Rangers to move the
  archives?
• (A) He wanted to show the city of Austin how much
  power he had.
• (B) He feared they would fall into the hands of
  the Mexicans.
• (C) He wanted them kept in his namesake town.
• (D) He did not like the city of Austin.
• What did the lottery in the Black Bean Episode
  determine?
• (A) Whether or not Texans would attack Mexico
• (B) Who would get to name the capital of the
  Republic
• (C) Which parcels of land in Texas would be given
  away
• (D) Which Texans would be executed by Santa
  Annas troops

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Answers

1. Why did Houston order Texas Rangers to move the
   archives?
2. (A) He wanted to show the city of Austin how much
   power he had.
3. (B) He feared they would fall into the hands of
   the Mexicans.
4. (C) He wanted them kept in his namesake town.
5. (D) He did not like the city of Austin.
6. What did the lottery in the Black Bean Episode
   determine?
7. (A) Whether or not Texans would attack Mexico
8. (B) Who would get to name the capital of the
   Republic
9. (C) Which parcels of land in Texas would be given
   away
10. (D) Which Texans would be executed by Santa
    Annas troops

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Anson Jones 1844-1845

• Presidential Policies
• Maintained Houstons peace policy toward Native
  Americans in Texas
• Tried to make peace with Mexico
• Tried to convince Mexico to recognize the
  independence of Texas
• Tried to convince the United States to annex
  Texas

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Issues for the U.S. and Texas

• Arguments For Annexation
• Being part of the United States would protect
  Texas from being retaken by Mexico.
• Joining the Union would enable Texans to use U.S
  currency, or money.
• Many Texans had family ties in the United States.
• U.S. would gain a huge piece of land.
• Arguments Against Annexation
• As a slave state, Texas would upset the balance
  of free and slave states in the U.S. Congress.
• The United States was reluctant to admit a state
  so deeply in debt.
• Angering Mexico.

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Texas tries to become territory

• The Treaty of 1844
• U.S. Senate did not approve the Treaty.
• Texas would have become a territory of the
  United States.
• Texas would have given up its public lands
  (lands owned by the government rather than by
  individuals).
• The United States would pay the debts of the
  Republic

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Annexation happens

• The Joint Resolution of 1845
• Texas would join the United States as a state
  after its people approved a constitution.
• Texas would keep its public lands. Money used
  from the sale of public lands would be used to
  pay off the Texas debt.
• Texas could divide into as many as four states.
• Texas would be a slave state.
• Mexico offered to recognize Texas independenceif
  Texas rejected annexation by the United States.
• Joint resolution - an act of both houses of
  Congress that has the power of law

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Chapter 13

• Between 1836 and 1845, many people moved to Texas
  for its abundance of cheap land. Texas leaders
  gave land to veterans and families of Texans
  killed in the revolution. No land was offered to
  African Americans or Native Americans.
• Texas required new settlers to live on the land
  for three years before they were given full
  ownership. The government did this to discourage
  land speculators.
• To speed up settlement, the government brought
  back the empresario system.
• Veteran - a person who served in the armed
  forces

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Texas population during Republic years
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Immigration from U.S. and Europe

• Homestead Act of 1839 Texas Congress passed a
  law protecting family homes, tools and 50 acres
  from seizure when people owed money.
• New empresarios are called Immigrant agents.
• Adelsverein brought in many Germans who settled
  the Hill Country around Austin.
• These people left Germany because of
  overpopulation, poverty, heavy taxes and
  political problems there.

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Slavery increased in Texas

• Tensions were increasing in the U.S. over the
  slavery issue.
• Land in the U.S. was wearing out so planters
  moved to Texas to grow cotton.
• They brought slaves and the African-American
  population in Texas increased.

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Tejanos faced prejudice.

• The Texas Revolution and continued problems with
  Mexico created problems for Tejanos.
• New Texans did not realize the sacrifices many
  had made for Texas independence.
• Prejudice happens when someone is judged by a
  stereotype about a group of people.

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Agriculture in the Republic

• Farmers
• Most farms in the Republic were small family
  farms.
• Most farmers practiced subsistence farming. They
  grew just enough crops to support the farm. Corn
  was the largest subsistence crop.
• Some planted cash crops, crops that are sold for
  profit.
• The largest cash crop was cotton.
• Ranchers
• Cattle ate for free on public grazing land.
• Ranchers had more cattle than they could sell.
• Ranchers were challenged by thieves, drought, and
  disease.
• Sheep ranching grew as U.S. textile mills began
  requesting wool.

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End of Chapter 13

• You will be tested over these notes on the
  Chapter 12 and 13 Test.