LESSONS FROM PAST NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES. Part IV

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LESSONS FROM PAST NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES. Part IV
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster
Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 
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PAST NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES

• NORTHRIDGE, CALIFORNIA
• JANUARY 17, 1994
• GOOD FORTUNE--- IT HAPPENED ON A HOLIDAY

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EARTHQAKES ARE DYNAMIC LABORATORIES FOR LEARNING
AND CATALYSTS FOR BUILDING CAPACITY FOR
DISASTER-INTELLIGENT DISASTER-RESILIENT
COMMUNITES

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NORTHRIDGE, CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE

• 431 AM ON JANUARY 17, 1994
• M 6.8
• 57 DEATHS
• 50 BILLION LOSS
• TRANSPORTATION AND UTILITY INFRASTRUCTURE
  FAILURES

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OCCURRENCE
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THE LOS ANGELES BASIN IS AT HIGH RISK FROM
EARTHQUAKES
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LOS ANGELES

• Los Angeles is located in the Los Angeles Basin
  where earthquakes have occurred many times on
  the well known San Andreas fault system and
  SOMETIMES on unknown blind thrust faults.

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LOCATION

• The epicenter was located in Northridge, a suburb
  of Los Angeles.

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MAJOR FAULTS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA WITH SURFACE
BREAKS
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SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

• Southern California is prone to earthquakes
  because of its location near the boundary between
  two major tectonic plates North America and
  Pacific.
• Much, but not all, of the stress release happens
  on the San Andreas fault.

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NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE

• SLIP ON A BLIND THRUST FAULT (I.E., DID NOT
  BREAK THE SURFACE) GEN-ERATED AN ALMOST PERFECT
  BULLS EYE EARTHQUAKE IN A MAJOR METROPOLITAN
  AREA

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FAULT SYSTEM NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE
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CAUSES OF DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
EARTHQUAKES
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
DISASTER LABORATORIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
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IMPACTS BUILDINGS
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

• ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES
• PREPAREDNESS PLANNING FOR THE INEVITABLE STRONG
  GROUND MOTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY
  RESILIENCE.

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GROUND SHAKING WESTERN USA
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

• ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES
• PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE IS
  ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

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LOS ANGELES REGION

• Buildings, transportation infrastructure, utility
  corridors, and parking structures constructed in
  accordance with various codes/standards FAILED.

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COLLAPSE OF A CONCRETE FRAME BUILDING
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NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE

• THE BUILDING STOCK AND INFRA-STRUCTURE OF THE LOS
  ANGELES REGION WERE EXPOSED TO VERY STRONG
  GROUND SHAKING REACHING PGA gt 1 G AT SOME
  LOCATIONS

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A PROTECTION NIGHTMARE
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DAMAGE TO BRIDGE
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THE UTILITY CORRIDOR A PROTECTION NIGHTMARE

• DISRUPTION OF UTILITY SERVICES, A FIRE, AND AN
  EXPLOSION QUICKLY CREATED THE CONDITIONS FOR A
  DISASTER .

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NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE

• FLAWS WERE FOUND IN THE WELDED CONNECTIONS OF
  MANY MOMENT-RESISTING STEEL FRAME BUILDINGS

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PROBABILISTIC MAPS OF PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION
(PGA) AND SPECTRAL ACCELERATION (SA) ARE BASIC
TOOLS USED IN BUILDING CODES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
STANDARDS
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

• ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES
• PREPAREDNESS PLANNING FOR THE INEVITABLE GROUND
  FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

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LIQUEFACTION IN A UTILITY CORRIDOR

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COLLAPSE OF UNIVERSITY PARKING STRUCTURE
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

• ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES
• CAPACITY FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR
  COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

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DEALING WITH FIRE, AN EXPLOSION, DEATHS, AND
LOSS OF FUNCTION
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

• ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES
• CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IS
  ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

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EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE WAS A TOOL FOR RECOVERY

• EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE SPREAD THE RISK AND
  SPEEDED UP RECOVERY BY FACILITATING THE
  RESTORATION TO NORMAL

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IT TAKES TIME TO CORRECT FLAWS IN STEEL BUILDINGS

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IT TAKES TIME TO RESTORE REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION
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PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE

• A NEW GENERATION OF POLICIES AND PROFESSIONAL
  PRACTICES WAS DEVELOPED FOR SITING, DESIGN, AND
  CONSTRUCTION IN CALIFORNIA AND OTHER EARTHQUAKE
  PRONE REGIONS OF THE USA.

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PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE

• THE INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE BASE AND PROCESS
  NEEDED FOR DEVELOPING SCENARIOS FOR FUTURE
  EARTHQUAKE DISASTER PLANNING WERE CREATED.

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SCENARIO EARTHQUAKE FOR SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

• ADVANCE PLANNING SO THAT CALIFORNIA WILL BE
  READY WHEN THE INEVITABLE BIG ONE AND OTHERS
  RECUR
• Source US Geological Survey

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SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AREA
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QUAKE SHAKEOUT SCENARIO

• The goal in the ShakeOut Scenario is to identify
  the physical, social and economic consequences of
  a major earthquake in southern California , and
  in so doing, enable end users to identify what
  they can change nowbefore the earthquaketo
  avoid catastrophic impact after the inevitable
  earthquake occurs.

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GROUND SHAKING 60 G SECONDS AFTER FAULT RUPTURE
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THE M 7.8 SCENARIO quakE

• The magnitude 7.8 SCENARIO earthquake will
  cause about 1800 deaths and 213 billion of
  economic losses.
• These numbers are as low as they are because of
  aggressive retrofitting programs since 1994 that
  have increased the seismic resistance of
  buildings, highways and lifelines, and added
  economic resiliency.

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THE M 7.8 SHAKEOUT QUAKE

• The estimates of about 1800 deaths and 213
  billion of economic losses are as large as they
  are because much more retrofitting could still be
  done.

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SUMMARY OF IMPACTS

• 57 DEATHS
• 9,000 INJURIES
• HUNDREDS OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS DAMAGED
• THOUSANDS OF COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS DAMAGED WHEN
  WELDS FAILED IN STEEL-FRAME BUILDINGS
• PARKING FACILITIES COLLAPSED

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SUMMARY OF IMPACTS

• A RELATIVELY SMALL NUMBER OF DEATHS, PARTLY DUE
  TO HOLIDAY
• OVER 50 BILLION DAMAGE WITH MORE THAN 5
  BILLION IN EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE INDEMNIFICATION
• UTILITY CORRIDOR FAILED
• TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FAILED AGAIN

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PRIMARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON THE LOMA PRIETA
EARTHQUAKE ARE 1) The US Geological
Survey, 2) The California Geological
Survey, and 3) the Earthquake Engineering
Research Institute