Chemistry and Energy

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Chemistry and Energy

• From Alternative Fuel to Blowing Sht up

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Inorganic Chemistry and The Periodic Table
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Energy on Earth

• Octane C8H18
• 2 C8H18 25 O2 ? 18 H2O 16 CO2
• (unstable) (unstable) (stable)
  (stable)
• Release of energy
• Heat
• Work (pressure-volume work)

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Pressure-Volume work
CO2 H2O CO2 H2O CO2 H2O CO2H2O CO2
H2O CO2 H2O CO2
O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
O2
C8H8
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Evidence of Pressure Volume Work Liquid N2

• Liquid N2 Boiling point, 77K, -196 0C, -321 0F
• For reference, the coldest temperature ever
  recorded was 184.0 K -89.2 C (-128.6 F) at the
  Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica on July 21,
  1983.

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How does it work?

• It takes very little energy to vaporize liquid
  N2. (0.67 cal/mol, compared to water at 9.8
  cal/mol).
• The heat from the tounge instantly vaporized
  liquid N2,
• protective barrier of insulating gas, which does
  work on the liquid, lifting it away from the
  tounge.

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Octane an organic molecule with inorganic
origins.

• Octane Where did it come from?
• Fossil Fuel Plant matter (C6H12O6) decaying
  away from O2 (buried organic matter)
• Where does sugar come from?
• 6 H2O 6 CO2 ? C6H12O2 6 O2
• (stable) (stable)
  (unstable) (unstable)
• The Energy comes from Light!

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Photosystem II
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Photosystem II
CO2
Electron Transport Chain
H
e-
C6H12O6

e-

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Photosystem II
CO2
Electron Transport Chain
H
e-
C6H12O6

e-


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Photosystem II
CO2
Electron Transport Chain
H
e-
C6H12O6

e-



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Photosystem II
CO2
Electron Transport Chain
H
e-
C6H12O6

2 H2O hn ? 4 e- 4 H O2
e-




H
O
H
H
H
e-e-e-e-
H
H
O
H
H
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Photosystem II-inspired solar fuel
CO2
Electron Transport Chain
H
C6H12O6
2 H2O hn ? 4 e- 4 H O2 4 H 4e- ? 2 H2 2
H2O hn ? 2 H2 O2
O2
H2
H
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Explosives

• 2 H2 O2 ? H2O
• Effective explosive
• Solid
• Unstable
• Entirely converts to a gas (N2, CO2, H2O)
• Releases heat
• Low oxygen balance (self-contained oxidant)
• Examples
• TNT
• RDX
• Octanitrocubane

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Octanitrocubane

• Nitro groups (oxidant)
• Carbon chains-fuel (like octane)
• Zero oxygen balance Converts entirely to N2, CO2
• C8O16N8 ? 8 CO2 4 N2
• (unstable) (stable)
  (stable)

O O
N
N
O O
N
O O
C
O O
C
N
C
C
C
C
N
O O
C
C
N
O O
N
O O
N
O O
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Inorganic explosives

• How do we get to the next level?
• Introduce new atoms!

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Thermite reaction

• 2 Al Fe2O3 ? Al2O3 2 Fe
• (unstable) (moderate) (stable)
  (moderate)

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The Elements by Tom Lehrer

• There's antimony, arsenic, aluminum, selenium,
• And hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen and
  rhenium,And nickel, neodymium, neptunium,
  germanium,And iron, americium, ruthenium,
  uranium,Europium, zirconium, lutetium,
  vanadium,And lanthanum and osmium and astatine
  and radium,And gold and protactinium and indium
  and gallium,And iodine and thorium and thulium
  and thallium.There's yttrium, ytterbium,
  actinium, rubidium,And boron, gadolinium,
  niobium, iridium,And strontium and silicon and
  silver and samarium,And bismuth, bromine,
  lithium, beryllium, and barium.There's holmium
  and helium and hafnium and erbium,And phosphorus
  and francium and fluorine and terbium,And
  manganese and mercury, molybdenum,
  magnesium,Dysprosium and scandium and cerium and
  cesium.And lead, praseodymium, and platinum,
  plutonium,Palladium, promethium, potassium,
  polonium,And tantalum, technetium, titanium,
  tellurium,And cadmium and calcium and chromium
  and curium.There's sulfur, californium, and
  fermium, berkelium,And also mendelevium,
  einsteinium, nobelium,And argon, krypton, neon,
  radon, xenon, zinc, and rhodium,And chlorine,
  carbon, cobalt, copper, tungsten, tin, and
  sodium.

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Electrical energy from inorganics The Battery

• PbO2 Pb H2SO4 ? 2 Pb(SO4) 2 H2O
• unstable unstable (spectator)
  stable stable
• Pb4 Pb0 ? 2 Pb2
• (stable) (stable) (unstable)

2 e-
Pb2
Pb2
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The Hydrogen Fuel Cell

• 2 H2 O2 ? H2O
• (unstable) (unstable) (stable)

e-e-
e-e-
H2O H2O
H
H
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
O