The World Bank North China Water Quality Study Program ???????????????

1
The World Bank North China Water Quality Study
Program???????????????
Urban Water Reuse Study ???????????

• Dr. Zheng Xingcan
• CDM International
• National Engineering Research Center for Water
  Wastewater
• ????????????????

2
??????????? Urban Water Reuse Study

• ?? Introduction
• ???? Study Methodology
• ???????? Summary Data of Case Study WRPs
• ????????? Findings Key Issues
• ???? Recommendations for Improvements
• ???? Performance Indicators
• ????????? Best Practices Technical Options
• ?? Conclusions
• ?? Annexes
• ??????? Term of Reference and Tasks Breakdown
• ??????????? Case Study Data Summary Discussion
• ?????????Comparison of Reclaimed Water Quality
  Standards
• ?????? International Best Practices

3
?? Introduction

• ????????????????36363 m3
• North China, water resources per capita only
  36363 m3
• ??????????????????
• Governments actively promote water reuse
  practice
• ???????????????(1986-2005)
• Several research demonstration
  programs,1986-2005
• ????,??????????????,
  ?????????????????
• Urban water reuse one of practical and
  economic solutions to the serious water shortage
• ??????????????????????
• North China Water Quality Study Program
  Component C

4
???? Study Methodology

• ????????? Data sources
• ?????? Statistics and records
• ?????? Urban planning information
• ???? - ????????????
• Site visits to WRP, WWTP application sites
• ?????? Comprehensive questionnaire
• ?????? Literature review
• ?????? Internet search
• ????????? Data processing analysis
• ????????? Comparison and discussion
• ????????? Findings recommendations

5
???????????Case Study Cities
6
??????????? Case Study WRPs

• ????? Beijing Gaobeidian WRP
• ????? Beijing Jiuxianqiao WRP
• ????? Beijing No. 6 Water Plant
• ????? Tianjin Jizhuangzi WRP
• ???? Tianjin TEDA No.1 WRP
• ????? Xian Beishiqiao WRP
• ????? Qingdao Haipohe WRP
• ????? Shijiazhuang Qiaoxi WRP
• ????? Taian WWTP
• ????? Hefei Wangxiaoying WRP

7
????? Beijing Gaobeidian
8
????? Beijing Gaobeidian
9
????? Beijing Gaobeidian
10
????? Beijing Gaobeidian
11
????? Tianjin Jizhuangzi

• ?????????,20,000 m3/d
• Coagulation Sedimentation Microfiltration
  O3
• ??????,30,000 m3/d
• Coagulation Sedimentation Filtration

12
????? Tianjin Jizhuangzi
13
??????? Tianjin TEDA

• ??(30000m3/d )???(1 0000m3/d)
• MicrofilitrationReverse Osmosis

14
????? Qingdao Haipohe

• ??????,40000m3/d
• Coagulation Sedimentation Filtration
• ????(???????) Municipal and Landscape
• ???????? Boiler (pilot test)
• ?????????? Industrial cooling
• ????????? Industrial processing
• ???????????? In-WWTP

15
????? Qingdao Haipohe
16
????? Qingdao Haipohe

• ??????????
• Reclaimed water supply for park and river
  supplement

17
????? Shijiazhuang Qiaoxi

• ?????? Coagulation Sedimentation Filtration
• ?????????? River supplement parks
• ?? Design 100,000 m3/d
• ?? Production 30,000 m3/d

18
????? Shijiazhuang Qiaoxi
???? River supplement
19
????? Shijiazhuang Qiaoxi
20
????? Xian Beishiqiao

• ??????,50,000 m3/d
• Coagulation Sedimentation Filtration

21
????? Xian Beishiqiao


22
????? Hefei Wangxiaoying
???????? Heifei Urban Ring River Parks
23
????? Hefei Wangxiaoying
???????? Heifei Urban Ring River Parks ??????
Reclaimed water supplement 60,000 m3/d
24
?????Findings Recommendations
25
???????? Low Utilization of Design Capacity

• ???????????????????
• Actual production/sales much lower than
  design capacity
• ???????? Commonly shortage of users
• ???? Distribution pipelines shortage
• ????? Unreasonable water tariff
• ???? Water quality problem
• ??????? Improper water resource management
• ?????? Cost recovery difficulty
• ??????????
• User development becomes a major task
• ?????????????
• Needs joint efforts of suppliers and
  government

26
???????? Low Utilization of Design Capacity

• ????????? Production of WRPs

27
??????????????????Centralized system or
onsite/point-of-sale system ?

• ?????????? Constraints of Centralized system
• ????? (??)
• High pipelines costs,Beijing
• ??????????????????
• Difficult to simultaneously meet the various
  users requirements in quality and flow-rate
• ???????
• Better for applications near WWTP
• ???????????????????
• Better for similar quality requirement
  larger demand
• ??????? Onsite/point-of-sale system
• ?????/????? Combination of both systems

28
??????????????????Centralized system or
onsite/point-of-sale system ?

• ??????? Investment of WRPs

29
??????? Reclaimed water quality Issue

• ???????????????
• All WRP using WWTP effluent as water source
• ?????????????????
• WWTP design without consideration to water
  reuse
• ????????????????
• Discharge standard compliance WWTP design
• ????????????????
• Some WWTP WRP need to be upgraded
• ???? Nutrient removal
• ???????? Advanced reclamation process
• ??????????Meet users requirements
• ????????? Tianjin,Qingdao,Beijing

30
??????????Reclaimed water charge pricing
mechanism

• ??????,??????????????????????????????????
• Limiting factors include low water tariff
  reclaimed water charge, unreasonable/illegal
  exploitation of groundwater, and unreasonable
  subsidy to the public water uses, etc.
• ?????????????????
• Market operation management with full cost
  recovery
• ???????????????????
• Promote the tariff reform for the water
  supply, wastewater treatment and reclaimed water
  services

31
??????????Reclaimed water charge pricing

• ??????? Water tariff reclaimed water charge

32
??????????Reclaimed water charge pricing

• ?????????Capital and operation costs

33
????????????????Promote market operation by
incentive economic policy

• ?????????
• Main obstacleslow water tariff and charge
• ?????????
• Reclaimed water pricing policy with multiple
  objectives
• ????????????????
• Keeps reasonable price gap among different
  water services
• ??????????????
• Costs recovery reasonable profit, control
  market monopoly
• ????(??)??????
• Guarantee the rights and interests of users
  by agreement

34
????????Who pay reclaimed water charge?

• ??????????????
• Need to setup a charge collection arrangement
  to ensure the suppliers full cost recovery
• ??????? Private beneficiary uses
• ???? Reclaimed water charge (based on sales)
• ???????Public beneficiary uses
• ???????????
• As public goods or as public resource
• ?????? Government as buyer
• ???????????? ?
• Shijiazhuang, Qindao, TEDA, Hefei, etc.
• ??????? Incorporate into wastewater fee

35
?????????? Preferential use?residential,
environment or industrial

• ??????????????????
• Need to consider actual situation, economic
  efficiency and maximum social benefit,etc.
• ??????
• Prior uses of reclaimed water
• ??????
• Reasonable water quality requirement
• ?????
• Lower production distribution costs
• ?????????????? ?????
• Landscaping and scenic water body,industrial
  cooling, urban irrigation and environmental use

36
?????????? Preferential use?residential,
environment or industrial

• ?????? Prior uses of reclaimed water
• ???-????2.5-3.0 RMB/m3
• RO for high quality water
• ???-???????? 1.0-1.5 RMB/m3
• MF for residential and other uses
• ?????? -??????? 0.4-0.7 RMB/m3
• Tertiary for municipal industrial (multi
  uses )
• ??????-??????? 0.15-0.3 RMB/m3
• Tertiary for waterscape and river supplement
• ????????? Direct or indirect use
• ?????Pipeline or River Transport

37
????????????????Legal supporting system
management mechanism

• ????????????,???????
• Establish relevant regulations, policies and
  criteria/standard for guidance and enforcement
• ???????????????????
• Water reuse plan being part of city master
  plan water resource utilization plan
• ??????????????????
• Strategic objective shift from
  discharge-standard to the water reclamation
  and recycling

38
????? Reclaimed water standards

• ?????? Modified several times
• ???????? Some irrationality still exist.
• ?????????????
• Proposal for basic classification of
  Reclaimed water
• ?????? Reclamation process
• ??????? Pathogens removal
• ?????? Typical water quality index
• ??????? Performance control monitoring
• ???? Main applications
• 5??? Shown in Table 5.1.

39
???????????National guidelines for urban water
reuse

• ?????????????????
• Practical information dispersed in different
  references
• ????????????????
• Highest priority to develop national
  guidelines
• ????????????
• Promote proper implementations of water reuse
• ??????????????
• Provide right information to the public

40
???????????? Micro-pollutants in reclaimed water

• ???????
• An emerging risk concern
• ??????????????
• especially the influence of endocrine
  disrupting chemicals on health
• ?????????
• Apparently more research is needed

41
???? Public education and awareness

• ??????????????????
• Some potential industrial users and residents
  cannot accept reclaimed water mentally
• ???????????????????
• Through various media, explain importance of
  water reuse and reliability of reclaimed water
• ????????????
• Paying attention to demonstration projects
• ?????????????
• Invite people to visit urban water reuse
  facilities

42
?? Thank You
43
????????Question and Comment?