Martin Luther (1483-1546) For in the righteousness of God is revealed through faith for faith; as it is written, "The one who is righteous will live by faith" ( Romans 1:17 )

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Martin Luther (1483-1546)For in the
righteousness of God is revealed through faith
for faith as it is written, "The one who is
righteous will live by faith" ( Romans 117 )

• AP European
• Protestant Reformation

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Childhood Youth

• born Nov. 10, 1483 Martin Luder
• son of copper miner
• attends a Latin school (medieval), 1497 attends
  Brotherhood of Common Life boarding school in
  Magdeburg, 1498 moves to Eisenach and attends
  parish school
• 1501 University of Erfurt liberal arts
• Baccalaureate in 1502
• Masters degree in 1505
• begins studying LAW

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Conversion

• July 2, 1505 near Sotterheim, nearly struck by
  lightening
• cried out to Saint Anne
• shocked family and friends
• 1505 enters Black Monastery (Augustinian) in
  Erfurt

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Priest Professor

• ordained in 1507
• studies Theology at Erfurt
• Ad fontes! Back to the source!
• reading Bible in Hebrew Greek
• 1512 Doctorate in Theology
• Professorship at Wittenberg (1514-1518)
• Psalms, Letters to the Romans, Galatians Hebrews

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Indulgences

• as of 1514 Priest at Wittenburgs City Church
• enraged over sale of indulgences and manner in
  which Tetzel sold them
• Luther preaches against the sale of indulgences

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95 Theses

• Oct 13, 1517, 95 Theses, Castle Church
• rebel in the ranks, a few bishops actually
  agreed with Luther
• 1518 Inquisition began in Rome
• June 15, 1520 Papal Bull (Pope Leo X) of
  excommunication, Luther must recant or leave the
  Church

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Burning the Papal Bull

• Luther protests burns Bull and book of church
  law
• Jan. 3, 1521 Luther is excommunicated
• Emperor Charles V offers safe passage to Diet of
  Worms

Read 95 Theses excerpts
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Diet of Worms, April 1521

• Excommunication will be rescinded if Luther
  recants position
• Edict of Worms
• Outlaw Death Sentence

Luthers protector Elector Friedrich the Wise of
Saxon
View Martin Luther, 2003 scene 10
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View Martin Luther, 2003 scene 13
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The Wartburg
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The Wartburg
1521 Luther goes to Wartburg

• in 11 weeks he translates the New Testament,
  September Testament
• published in 1522
• standardizes the German language
• visitations from the devil!?

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Luther and the Devil
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Luther returns

• March 1521 returns to Wittenburg
• attempts to bring the Reformation movement back
  to a more moderate line
• begins seriously writing to spread his beliefs
• 1522-1524 preaching becomes his main priority

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Luthers Church

• Justification by Faith, Salvation by Grace
• 2 Sacraments Baptism Communion
• community money box
• social educational responsibilities taken over
  by church
• need for well-educated pastors, teachers, civil
  servants
• authorities obligated to provide a good education
  for the youth

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Peasants War

• 1525 peasants led by Thomas Münzer (priest/former
  follower) demand more just economical conditions
• Luther encourages spiritual freedom from despots,
  not economic or political freedom
• Peasants are violently put down on May 15, 1525

View Martin Luther, 2003 scene 16 / Discuss pp.
326
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Luther marries

• June 13, 1525 Luther marries Katharina von Bora
• big happy family
• 6 children, 1 of Katharinas relatives, 6 of
  Luthers sisters children, student boarders

See Swiss and Zwingli PPT
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Diet of Speyer, 1526

• Protestants followers of Luther who gathered
  at Diet of Speyers to protest the policies of
  Charles V Catholic princes opposed to Luther
• ius reformandi right to reform belonged to
  states not to Empire

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Augsburg Confession

• Diet of Augsburg, 1530
• Supporters and followers of Luther present a
  summary of his beliefs, which later become the
  doctrine of the Lutheran Church
• Implemented in reformed states towns by
  princes, prelates, or consistories (council of
  ministers lawyers)

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Spread of Luthers Ideas

• Quickly spread to former anti-papal movements
• Hungary having been defeated by Turks was now
  open for conversion
• Merchants took his ideas to the Baltic states
  Scandinavia
• Schmalkalkdic League formed, 1530s
• King Christian III (Denmark) converts country
  Sweden ( territory of Finland), under King
  Gustavus Vasa found the first national reformed
  church, 1527 by 1540s Norway has become Lutheran

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Final years 1540-1546

• physically ill
• wrote most scathing works
• Jews and their Lies (1543)
• Against the Papacy at Rome Founded by the Devil!
  (1545)
• Feb. 18, 1546 died in Eisleben, body interred at
  the Castle Church in Wittenburg

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Political Revolution Lutheranism

• social reform, not intended as political
  revolution
• Peasant Wars, 1524-1525 under the leadership of
  Thomas Münzer are not supported or successful
• Aristocracy are successful
• ius reformandi, Diet of Speyer, 1529
• Treaty of Augsburg, 1555

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Helpful Politicians (direct/indirect)

• 1520 Friedrich of Saxony
• 1525 Albert of Brandenburg (East Prussia)
  converts
• King Frances I (France), although Catholic, is
  embattled with Charles V in territorial disputes
  (Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521-1544)
• During 2nd H-V War (1527-1529) Pope Clement VII
  sides with France and Rome is sacked! Charles V
  gains control over much of Italy
• Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
• Battle of Mohacs (1526) Ottoman Turks kill King
  Louis of Hungary and take most of Hungary, move
  through Austria and advance on Vienna!