Metals

1
Metals
1. Occurrence
LO I know how metals occur in nature.
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Metals
70
Of the 90 naturally occurring elements, are
metals.
compounds
Most metals are found in nature as
.
Unreactive metals dont form compounds in nature
e.g. and .
gold
silver
Gold and silver are found as elements in the soil.
They were the first metals to be discovered.
extracted
Most metals need to be from
compounds before they are used.
LO I know how metals occur in nature.
3

• 2. Properties

LO I know some properties and uses of metals.
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Metals have many properties which makes them
useful for a variety of jobs.
Strength
Iron
is used in construction.

• Buildings

• Bridges

• Malleability

rolled
Metals can be and .
shaped

• Car body panels

LO I know some properties and uses of metals.
5
Electrical Conductivity
Metals conduct electricity when and
.
solid
liquid

• Copper is used to make wires.

Heat Conductivity
Metals are conductors of heat.
good

• Many pots are made of aluminium.

• Density

titanium
Low density is used to make
aircraft.
lead
High density is used to make radiation
shielding.
LO I know some properties and uses of metals.
6
Quiz

• Of the 90 naturally occurring elements, how many
  are metals?

7
Quiz

• Which of the following metals is found as an
  element in nature?

8
Quiz

• The main reason for using aluminium to make
  electrical wires is because

9
Quiz

• Lead is used to make boot soles for deep sea
  divers because

10
Quiz

• Which of the following is not a reason for using
  copper to make water pipes

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3. Alloys
LO I know what is meant by an alloy.
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An alloy is a of metals.
mixture
non-metals
Some alloys are a mixture of metals with
.
different
The properties of an alloy are
to the properties of the metals in the mixture.
Alloy Mixture Use
brass
bronze
solder
steel
copper, zinc
hinges, door handles
copper, tin
statues
tin, lead
connection pipes and wires
iron, carbon
construction
proportions
The properties change as the
of the mixture are changed.
LO I know what is meant by an alloy.
13
Quiz

• Which word means a mixture of metals?

14
Quiz

• Some alloys can contain
• non-metals

15
Quiz

• Which of the following is an alloy?

16
Quiz

• Which of the following is an alloy?

17
Quiz

• Every type of steel alloy contains which element?

18
Quiz

• You change the melting point of the alloy,
  solder, when you change

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4. Metals and Water
LO I know which metals react with water.
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Experiment
aluminium
magnesium
calcium
sodium
LO I know which metals react with water.
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Order of reactivity
sodium
calcium
Increasing reactivity
magnesium
aluminium
Aluminium
does not react with water at all.
LO I know which metals react with water.
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In general
Some metals react with water to produce a metal
and .
hydroxide
hydrogen
metal hydroxide


metal
water
hydrogen
For example
calcium hydroxide


calcium
water
hydrogen
lithium hydroxide


lithium
water
hydrogen
LO I know which metals react with water.
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5. Testing for Hydrogen
LO I know how to collect and test hydrogen gas.
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Experiment
Hydrogen gas can be produced by reacting
with water.
calcium
A splint is placed at the mouth of the
test tube.
burning
Hydrogen burns with a .
pop!
calcium
LO I know how to collect and test hydrogen gas.
25
Quiz

• magnesium metal reacts quickly with cold water

26
Quiz

• sodium metal reacts violently with cold water

27
Quiz

• when metals react with water they produce oxygen
  gas

28
Quiz

• Which of the following metals does not react with
  water?

29
Quiz

• Which of the following metals is the most
  reactive with cold water?

30
Quiz

• When sodium reacts with water the products are

31
Quiz

• The test for hydrogen is

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6. Metals and Acid
LO I know which metals react with acid.
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Experiment
copper
iron
zinc
magnesium
LO I know which metals react with acid.
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Order of reactivity
magnesium
zinc
Increasing reactivity
iron
copper
Copper
does not react with acid at all.
LO I know which metals react with acid.
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In general
Some metals react with acid to produce a metal
and .
salt
hydrogen
metal salt


metal
acid
hydrogen
For example
iron chloride

hydrochloric acid

iron
hydrogen
zinc chloride

hydrochloric acid

zinc
hydrogen
LO I know which metals react with acid.
36
Quiz

• zinc metal reacts quickly with acid

37
Quiz

• magnesium metal reacts quickly with acid

38
Quiz

• when metals react with acid they produce
  hydrogen gas

39
Quiz

• Which of the following metals does not react with
  acid?

40
Quiz

• Which of the following metals is the most
  reactive with acid?

41
Quiz

• When nickel reacts with hydrochloric acid the
  products are

42
Quiz

• The test for hydrogen is

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7. Making a Salt
LO I know how a salt can be made from a metal
and acid.
44
Aim
Making a Salt
To make a sample of the salt magnesium sulphate
by reacting magnesium with sulphuric acid.
Diagram
filter paper
filter funnel
magnesium sulphate solution
sulphuric acid
magnesium
heat
LO I know how a salt can be made from a metal
and acid.
45
Method
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1. cm3 of sulphuric acid (1M) was added to a
beaker.
2. Pieces of magnesium were added to the acid
until it stopped .
fizzing
filtered
3. The mixture was .
water
4. The solution was heated to remove the .
Result
magnesium
sulphate
A white solid ( ) was
produced.
Conclusion
Magnesium sulphate salt can be made by reacting
magnesium sulphate with sulphuric acid,
the mixture and then the water.
filtering
evaporating
LO I know how to make a salt from a metal and
acid.
46
8. Types of Salt
LO I know how to name a salt from the reactants.
47
The name of a salt comes from a and
the it was reacted with.
metal
acid
For example
zinc sulphate
In general
metal chlorides
metal sulphates
metal nitrates
LO I know how to name a salt from the reactants.
48
For example
LO I know how to name a salt from the reactants.
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9. Collecting and Testing Oxygen
LO I know how to collect and test a sample of
oxygen.
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Aim
To collect a sample of oxygen and perform the
test for oxygen.
Diagram
oxygen
Hydrogen peroxide Manganese dioxide
water
LO I know how to collect and test a sample of
oxygen.
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Method
1. A boiling tube was filled with oxygen as shown
in the .
diagram
glowing
2. A splint was placed in the tube of
oxygen.
Result
relit
The glowing splint .
Conclusion
water
Oxygen can be collected under . A
splint in oxygen. This is the for
oxygen.
relights
glowing
test
LO I know how to collect and test a sample of
oxygen.
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9. Metals and Oxygen
LO I know which metals react with oxygen.
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Aim
To find out how metals react with oxygen.
Diagram
metal
ceramic wool
potassium permanganate
LO I know which metals react with oxygen.
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Results
Metal Observation
Magnesium
Zinc
Copper
Very bright white glow
Bright white glow
Dull orange glow
Conclusion
magnesium
zinc
copper
LO I know which metals react with oxygen.
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In general
Some metals react with oxygen to produce a metal
.
oxide
metal oxide

metal
oxygen
For example
zinc oxide

zinc
oxygen
iron oxide

iron
oxygen
Metals reacting with oxygen is known as
.
oxidation
LO I know which metals react with oxygen.
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10. Reactivity of Metals
LO I know how metals differ in reactivity.
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The reactivity of metals can be shown in a list
called the reactivity series.
Reacts with water
Reacts with acid
Reacts with oxygen
LO I know how metals differ in reactivity.
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11. Corrosion
LO I know what is meant by corrosion of a metal.
59
A metal corrodes when the surface atoms react to
form a compound.
An uncorroded metal is in appearance.
shiny
A corroded metal is in appearance.
dull
Different metals corrode at different rates
sodium
corrodes very quickly.
gold
hardly corrodes at all.
Metals corrode fastest when they are exposed to
.
air
Corrosion is also an example of .
oxidation
LO I know what is meant by corrosion of a metal.
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12. The Cause of Corrosion
LO I know what causes corrosion.
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Experiment
water only
water oxygen
oxygen only
LO I know what causes corrosion.
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Result
The iron only rusts when and
are present.
water
oxygen
Only the corrosion of is called rusting.
iron
The rusting of iron can be speeded up by

• Adding salt.

• Adding acid.

• Heating it up.

LO I know what causes corrosion.
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13. Test for Rusting
LO I know how to test for rusting.
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The presence of rusting is detected using
. indicator
rust
rust indicator
Rust indicator changes colour from to
in the presence of rust.
yellow
blue
LO I know how to test for rusting.
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14. Preventing Rusting
LO I know some physical methods of stopping iron
from rusting.
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A surface barrier can be used to stop and
getting to the iron.
water
oxygen

• Painting, for example

- .
Forth bridge
- .
Car bodywork

• Greasing or Oiling, for example

- .
Door hinges
- .
Bicycle chain
LO I know physical methods of stopping iron from
rusting.
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• Coating with plastic, for example

- .
Fence wire
- .
Wire baskets

• Electroplating.

(covering one metal with a layer of another using
electricity).
- .
Chrome pipes
- .
Jewellery
LO I know physical methods of stopping iron from
rusting.
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15. Electroplating
LO I know what is meant by electroplating.
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Electroplating is covering one metal with another
using .
electricity
Nickel plating on copper
nickel
copper
nickel plating solution
LO I know the reactions involved in
electroplating.
70
During the plating process
nickel

• The strip gets smaller in mass.

nickel

• A layer of forms on the copper strip.

Electroplating iron with a layer of
makes it look and stops
and from getting to the iron below.
chromium
shiny
water
oxygen
LO I know the reactions involved in
electroplating.
71
16. Chemical Protection of Iron
LO I know chemical methods of stopping iron from
rusting.
72
If iron is connected to a reactive
metal it will not corrode.
more
e.g. iron and magnesium
rust indicator
magnesium
The reactive metal corrodes instead of
the iron.
more
sacrificial
This is called protection.
LO I know chemical methods of stopping iron from
rusting.
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HOWEVER
If iron is connected to a reactive metal
it will corrode faster than normal.
less
rust indicator
copper
e.g. iron and copper
rusts
The iron to protect the copper from
corrosion.
LO I know chemical methods of stopping iron from
rusting.
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16. Galvanising
LO I know what is meant by galvanising iron.
75
Galvanising is coating iron with a layer of
.
zinc
The iron objects are dipped into molten zinc.
This provides double protection
water

• Physical protection from and
  .

oxygen
- Chemical protection as zinc is
reactive than iron.
more
LO I know what is meant by galvanising iron.