Real and Artificial Intelligence

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Real and Artificial Intelligence

• Elaine Regelson
• Director of Mentoring and Retention
• Computer Science
• Professor Ross Beveridge

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What is Intelligence?

• Thoughts ??

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What is intelligence?

• 1. the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and
  skills an eminent man of great intelligence
• 2. a person or being with the ability to acquire
  and apply knowledge and skills extraterrestrial
  intelligences
• Oxford English Dictionary online
• http//oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_
  english/intelligence

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What is intelligent?

• That is, what are some examples of things you
  think are intelligent?
• Thoughts?

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What is intelligent?

• People?

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What is intelligent?

• People?
• Mice?

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What is intelligent?

• People?
• Mice?
• Bees?

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What is intelligent?

• People?
• Mice?
• Bees? or cockroaches?

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What is intelligent?

• People?
• Mice?
• Bees? or cockroaches?
• Amoebae?

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What is intelligent?

• People?
• Mice?
• Bees? or cockroaches?
• Amoebae?
• Rocks?

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Back to intelligence

• Is there only one kind?

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Back to intelligence

• Is there only one kind?
• If so, what is it?

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Theory of Multiple Intelligences

• Dr. Howard Gardner not only do human beings have
  several different ways of learning and processing
  information, but these methods are relatively
  independent of one another leading to multiple
  "intelligences" as opposed to a general
  intelligence factor among correlated abilities
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner

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Dr. Gardners Multiple Intelligences

• Linguistic, logic-mathematical, musical, spatial,
  bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal,
  and naturalistic
• and considering a ninth existential
  intelligence (the posing and pondering of "big
  questions")
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner

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So how do you know

• if something is intelligent?

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Can Machines Be Intelligent?

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Can Machines Be Intelligent?

• How would you know?

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Thinking Machines
Professor Ross Beveridge April, 2009
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Thinking Machines
Introduction
What is this machine thinking?
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Up Front - Visual Sources
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Thinking - Machines
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Are people special?

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What would make them special?

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Lets consider this

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Perspective Humans are Special
1. We are the center of the Universe.
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Perspective Humans are Special
1. We our the center of the Universe.
2. We are not animals.
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Perspective Humans are Special
1. We are the center of the Universe.
2. We are not animals.
3. Only animal to use tools.
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Perspective Humans are Special
1. We are the center of the Universe.
2. We are not animals.
3. Only animal to use tools.
4. Only animal to use language.
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Perspective Humans are Special
1. We are the center of the Universe.
2. We are not animals.
3. Only animal to use tools.
4. Only animal to use language.
5. Well, at least we are intelligent.
Take heart, we are the ones building the machines.
Maybe defining intelligence is tricky!
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Some Definitions of A.I.

• Dean et. al. Design and study of computer
  programs that behave intelligently.
• Rich and Knight The study of how to make
  computers do things which, at the moment, people
  do better.
• Handbook of AI Is the part of computer science
  concerned with designing intelligent computer
  systems, that is, systems that exhibit the
  characteristics we associate with intelligence in
  human behavior - understanding language,
  reasoning, solving problems, and so on.

Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Talents, Human Machine
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Look Ma - No Hands
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Computer - Listen up!
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Accomplishments - Chess
Chess is as elaborate a waste of human
intelligence as you can find outside an
advertising agency. Raymond ChandlerUS detective
novelist screenwriter (1888 - 1959)
Raymond Chandlers views on waste aside, he and
many others associate Chess with intelligence.
"If you can't beat your computer at chess, try
kickboxing. Anon
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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TD Gammon
Temporal Difference Learning Tesauro 1994
It is quite true that rollout results from three
backgammon playing computer programs (Expert
Backgammon, TD-Gammon, and Jellyfish) have given
us new insights into opening rolls and other
phases of the game. Kit Woolsey - 1995
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Better Jet Engines
Ashley, Steven, "Engineous Explores the Design
Space", Mechanical Engineering, February 1992,
pp. 49-52.
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Too Far Out Not to Think
AI planner controls the Deep Space 1 space probe
- NASA 1999
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Thinking Machines CSU
Darrell Whitley Genetic Algorithm
Search Charles Anderson Neural Nets
Reinforcement Learning Adele Howe Planning
Evaluation Ross Beveridge Computer Vision
Search Bruce Draper Computer Vision Learning
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Computer Vision - Faces
People do it well.
and how about machines?
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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CSU Face Recognition
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Internet Agents - Metasearch
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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What is on your Mind
Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence,
Ross Beveridge, April 2009
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Can Machines Be Intelligent?

• How would we know?
• Next few slides based on http//en.wikipedia.org/w
  iki/Turing_test

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Alan Turing

• British mathematician
• Father of modern computer science

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Alan Turing

• British mathematician
• Father of modern computer science
• 1950 paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence
  which opens with the words Can computers think?

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Alan Turing

• It turns out that thats very hard to determine,
  so he chose an alternative

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Alan Turing

• Are there imaginable digital computers that
  would do well in the imitation game?

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Imitation Game 1

• Man and woman, separate rooms both try to
  emulate the opposite gender while judges try to
  tell them apart while communicating only via
  typewritten slips of paper.

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Imitation Game 2

• In this version the human judge tries to figure
  out which player is a human and which is a
  computer.

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Turing Test

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Imitation Game 2

• The question to be resolved Is it possible to
  ask questions to identify which is which using
  only typewritten communications?

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What would YOU ask?

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MANY more fields

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Neural networks

• Computers figuring out how to solve complex
  problems without the human programmers knowing
  what is going on

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Communication

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Communication

• Speech generation (the computer talks)
• Solved adequately in the 1970s. Great progress
  with aesthetically pleasing voices has been made,
  but theres still lots to be done.

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Communication

• Speech recognition (the computer recognizes the
  words a person is speaking).
• Individual words addressed reasonably in the very
  late 1970s
• A primitive versions of connected speech
  recognition began in the very early 1980s

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Communication

• Speech recognition (the computer recognizes the
  words a person is speaking)
• Phone speech is improving. Voices? Accents?

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Communication

• Speech understanding (the computer actually
  understands parses and properly interprets
  what the person is saying). But its often hard.

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Communication

• Speech understanding (the computer actually
  understands parses and properly interprets
  what the person is saying). But its often hard.
• What exactly does Flying airplanes can be
  dangerous mean?

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Communication

• Speech understanding (the computer understands
  what the person is saying)
• Now we have Watson playing Jeopardy!

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And more still

• for you and your peers to discover!
• Wrapping up

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So

• What is intelligence?

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Real versus artificial intelligence

• How will we know?

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What next?

• Look online
• IBMs Watson playing Jeopardy
• Amazing robots
• Old and new examples of intelligence, artificial
  or otherwise

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What next?

• Or read. Maybe
• meet Mike in Robert Heinleins Moon Is a Harsh
  Mistress (weird and um adult)
• or HAL in Stanley Kubricks 2001 A Space
  Odyssey
• or one of Dr. Howard Gardners books on
  intelligence
• or any of MANY other books and articles

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What next?

• Or see what you can imagine. Maybe
• thinking machines
• new ideas for robots
• new kinds of intelligence
• what else might animals be capable of doing?
• what else might YOU be capable of doing?

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Any questions or comments?