The Cultural Geography of Latin America

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The Cultural Geography of Latin America

• Mr. Marston
• Dominion Christian High School
• Marietta, GA

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Objectives

• Chapter Objectives
• Explain how geography, economics, and cultural
  diversity affect the population of Latin America
• Discuss how Latin Americas history continues to
  affect the regions politics today
• Describe how Latin American culture is affected
  by religion

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Whats Going on here
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Population Patterns

• 539 million people
• 9 of the worlds population
• Ancestors of peoples who migrated to North
  America were the first people to settle Latin
  America
• Indigenous people descended from an areas first
  inhabitants. Are they native to the area or just
  came sooner than others?
• Do exercise on page 212 (1,2) Discuss

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• What are the maps on the next slide showing??
  Time period?

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Ethnic Groups

• Indians Mexico, Central America and South
  America (Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia)
• Descendants of Aztecs and Incas
• Europeans Spanish and Portuguese descendants at
  first (British, French, and German in smaller
  numbers)
• Argentina/Uruguay immigrant nations.
• Africans first came to work sugar plantations in
  the Caribbean and in Brazil
• Asians came as temporary workers (Guyana, for
  example)

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Indians in Ecuador

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Languages of South America

• Spanish primary language
• Portuguese (Brazil)
• French Haiti, Martinique, St. Martin
• English Belize, Jamaica, and Guyana
• Native Indian languages
• Dialect particular form of a language unique to
  a person or group. Examples of dialects in the
  United States?
• 213 (1-2)
• Most are bilingual speak more than one language
• Patois dialects that blend elements of
  indigenous, European, Asian, and African
  languages. Gullah in the United States??

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Languages of Latin America
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Indian Languages
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Suriname

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Indian Populations
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Where do South Americans live

• Live in 1/3 of regions land
• 350 million in South America most along the
  coast
• Populated rim
• Interior of South America rain forests, deserts,
  mountains, and poor soil
• Coastal regions better climates, fertile soil,
  and easy access to transportation systems
• Largest area where people live in South America
• Amazon River mouth to Buenos Aires
• Venezuela to Chile
• Where they dont live
• Amazon to Venezuela
• Patagonia
• 138 million Central America and Mexico
• 37 million Caribbean

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Population Densities

• Relatively low in South America because of size
  of countries
• Very High in the Caribbean
• Mexico relatively low for the country
• Extremely high in Mexico City with over 18
  million people (30,000 plus per square mile)

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Migration

• North to United States
• Political freedom
• Economic opportunities
• Improved living conditions
• What states do they live in?
• Internal migration Rural to Urban areas
• Difficult to make life as farmer land is scarce
• Urbanization the migration of people from the
  countryside to cities as well as change to a more
  urban society

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MigrAtion Cartoon
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Urbanization Continued

• p. 216 (1-2)

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Growth of Cities

• Mexico City
• Sao Paulo
• Rio de Janeiro
• Buenos Aires
• Top 20 cities in the world. Other populated
  cities in the world?

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Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Slums in Caracas, Venezuela
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Rio and the CopaCabana
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The Urban Setting

• Megacities cities that have expanded into the
  surrounding areas to have a population over 10
  million people
• Puts stress on infrastructure
• Safe drinking water
• Underground sewers
• New utilities
• Street maintenance
• Primate city an area that dominates its
  countrys economy, culture, and political affairs

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Urban Sprawl in Latin America
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Urban Challenges

• People move to cities for the following reasons
• Higher incomes
• More educational opportunities
• Better housing
• Increased access to health care
• Jobs and housing can become scarce and living
  conditions can be substandard

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Panama CAnal

• Engineering marvel
• Save 7,000 miles from going around South America
• Panama Canal Live Shots

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• Panama Canal Journey

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Native American Empires

• Maya
• Aztec
• Inca

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Maya 250 to 900A.D.
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Mayan Temples
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• Mayan Calendar

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• Mayan temple video

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Mayan Achievements

• Calendar accurately measured 365 day solar year
• Glyphs picture writings carved on stone. About
  500 in use
• Astronomy
• Could predict solar eclipses
• Mathematics
• Concept of zero

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The Aztec
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Aztec CalendAr
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• Aztec 3 d-Temple

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Aztecs (1325-1521)

• Central Mexico

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Aztec

• Human Sacrifice/Cannibalism
• Defined Class Structure Nobility, Priests,
  Merchants, Slaves and Peasants
• Agriculture Crop Cultivations
• Chinampas Fertile land areas that were
  constructed on rafts using the mud from the
  bottom of Lake Texcoco. (Maize, avocadoes, beans,
  squash, tomatoes) Chocolate.
• Used canoes to transport food back from islands.

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Chinampas Floating Garden
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Aztec Human Sacrifice
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The iNCA 1300-1500s
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• p. 221 (1-2)

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Accomplishments

• Constructed massive temple structures
• Used terracing
• Constructed mountain roads
• Domestication of animals (alpaca and llama)
• Quipu knotted cords to keep record of financial
  transactions

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Machu Pichu Lost City of incas
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Machu Pichu
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Inca

• Believed in reincarnation
• Cranial deformation among nobility
• Architectural accomplishments stone temple
  construction
• Coca plants were sacred
• No written language

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Quipu
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• Machu Pichu video

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Pre-Colombian Empires Fall

• Spanish Conquistadors explorers/conquerors
• Hernan Cortes (Aztec)
• Francisco Pizarro (Inca)
• 1494 World divided between Spain and Portugal
• Spain West
• Portugal East (Brazil)

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Cortes and Pizarro
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• 222 (1-2)

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Spanish Royal Government

• Viceroy regional representative of the king who
  supervised the running of the colonial empire.
• Catholic Church
• Encomienda System labor system in which an
  individual was given the right to use Indian
  labor or to tax them in return for educating them
  in Spanish and Catholicism. Many abuses of
  Indians took place.

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Economic Benefits made Spani Very Wealthy and
Devalued their Currency
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Spanish and Portuguese

• Built cities and towns that served as trading
  centers and seats of government
• Plantations grew coffee, bananas and sugarcane
• Established farms and cattle ranches
• Indians were not long term answers to the labor
  demands of the colonists (died from diseases).
  Importation of African slaves began in the late
  16th century.

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• Indian treatment by Spanish colonials

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Self Rule of Latin America

• Spanish colonists wanted to be independent
• Indians and Africans wanted freedom from
  servitude
• Late 1700s
• Started with Haiti and its slave leader,
  Toussaint Louverture (1804)
• Mexico (1821)
• Most of Latin America was freed by Simon Bolivar
  (Venezuela) and Jose de San Martin (Argentina)

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Independence COntinued

• Cuba (Spanish American War in 1898)
• Many Caribbean islands did not gain independence
  until the 1900s.
• Some Caribbean islands are still dependant (under
  foreign control)

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History of Latin America

• Strong Dictatorships and not much concern for
  Human Rights Legacy of Spanish Empire
• Governments run by single party (Mexico)
• Military Officers
• Wealthy
• Influence of the Church
• Caudillo Dictator. Absolute rulers with sole
  authority to make decisions.

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• South American Independence

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Reform/revolution

• Cuban Revolution 1959 Ouster of Bautista and
  installation of Fidel Castro
• Mexico ended one party rule in 2000
• Rise of Hugo Chavez in Venezuela

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Hugo Chavez
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Religion

• Catholicism
• Protestant Denominations
• Islam
• Hinduism
• Buddhism
• P. 227 (1-2)
• Syncretism blending of religious beliefs into a
  single faith. (Voodoo Condomble (Brazil),
  Santeria (Cuba)