AP WORLD HISTORY

1
AP WORLD HISTORY

• Period 1, 2, 3
• 8000BCE 1400CE

2
Period 18000 BCE 600 CE5 of Test
3
The Paleolithic Age

• Most of human pre-history Paleolithic (old
  stone age)
• Small-scale groups 30 w/ yearly 500
• Gathering as important (or more) than hunting
• Human impact on environment minimal
• Human migrations and settlement influenced by
  disease vectors
• Warfare, but rarely
• Women equal (or nearly so) sometimes deified
• Religion animistic or totemistic
• Egalitarianism

4
The Neolithic Transition

• Melting of ice sheets (Holocene epoch) opened
  fields, reduced game
• Haphazard then deliberate cultivation led to
  domestication of grains and legumes
• Stationary food supply meant permanent
  settlements
• Early Neolithic villages populations 500-1000
• Large settlements not possible through dry
  farming
• A few larger towns like Jericho and Catal Huyuk
• Copper metallurgy, but most tools stone

5
Domestication

• Areas of world with most domesticable plants and
  animals got jump-start
• Animals, starting with dogs, domesticated to
  become docile, easily controlled, more
  nutritious, and unintelligent
• Plants underwent un-natural selection
  non-useful plants extinct while useful given
  advantage took over ecosystems

6
The Urban Revolution

• Settlement around river valleys
• Much higher population density, which brought
• Diseases (esp. through livestock)
• Social stratification (even slavery)
• Increased warfare w/nomadic peoples
• Polytheistic religions, sometimes anthropomorphic
  gods
• Lower status of women
• Lower nutrition, average height, and life
  expectancy
• More complex forms of state
• Direct manipulation of environment intensive
  agriculture
• Specialization, leading to technological advances

7
Technologies

• Metallurgy from copper to Bronze, which created
  an elite warrior class in some societies
• Hydro technologies dikes, dams, irrigation
  canals
• Astronomical observation and recording
• Writing the beginning of history
• The wheel, levers and pulleys, the chariot

8
The concept of Civilization

• Civilization associated with settled agriculture,
  esp. urban areas
• Associations are good, i.e. civilized vs.
  barbarian
• Nomadic peoples dont count
• Arguments against
• Civilizations caused chronic problems
• -- Nomads played crucial roles

9
Four major river valley civilizations

• Mesopotamia Tigris Euphrates rivers
• Egypt Nile River
• India Indus river
• China Yellow River
• Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India were influenced by
  each other China was relatively independent

10
Independent Invention v. Diffusion

• Technologies spread through trade, warfare,
  migration, etc.
• Many are acquired whole from other
  civilizations sometimes modified
• Others are invented independently sometimes
  resulting in better technology
• Process of diffusion and syncretism essential to
  Afro-Eurasian patterns

11
Mesopotamia vs. Egypt

• EGYPT
• -- Regular, predictable flooding of Nile
• -- Hot region, but not as hot as Mesopotamia
• -- Valley surrounded by desert meant isolation
  (initially), low danger of attack

• MESOPOTAMIA
• -- Irregular, unpredictable flooding of Tigris
  and Euphrates
• -- Hot, dry region
• -- Open plains location meant frequent invasion

12
Influence of Geography

• Geographic circumstances heavily influenced early
  river valley civilizations
• Geographic Determinism
• Influence is reciprocal Cultures are influenced
  by nature but in turn influence nature

13
Mesopotamia v. Egypt Religion

• Egypt
• Gods as benevolent and predictable
• Rituals stressing regularity and cyclical nature
  of life
• Afterlife orderly, predictable, pleasant

• Mesopotamia
• Gods as violent, unpredictable
• Ritual stressing sacrifice to appease gods
• Afterlife dark, dusty, and unpleasant

14
Mesopotamia v. Egypt -- PFOS

• Egypt
• Local kingdoms unified in 3100 BCE by MENES
• Centralized government
• Few cities mostly ritual centers
• Rulership shifted from upper to lower Egypt
  (Thebes Memphis)
• Law word of Pharaoh

• Mesopotamia
• City-states unified by Sargon of Akkad, but
  unstable unity
• Imperial rule
• Cities focus of civilization large, urban
  populations
• Rulership shifted from city-state to city-state
  through conquest
• First written law

15
The Indus Valley

• Script not translated so little info
• Had bronze metallurgy
• Uniform weights measures indicate centralized
  government
• Urban culture w/ infrastructure (e.g. waste
  disposal, public baths, etc.)
• Cotton cultivation for textiles legumes for food
• Traded with Mesopotamia Egypt
• Yogic, pre-Aryan religion
• Collapse result of catastrophic environmental
  events leading to SYSTEMS FAILURE

16
The Yellow River

• Developed independently of other river-valley
  civs no evidence of trade
• Focus of early civ was control of Yellow River
  earliest hero Duke of Zhou
• Cast Bronze metallurgy
• Cultivation of millet in north, rice in south
• Decentralized politically divine kingship w/
  sacrifice
• Writing system oracle bones

17
Bronze-Age Empires

• Possession of bronze allowed military innovators
  to conquer others
• Empire area of centralized control over diverse
  peoples
• Land Empires, e.g. Assyrian
• Maritime Empires, e.g. Phoenician
• Developed new ways of ruling, etc.
• Empires pass through stages

18
Bronze Age Empires

• Extensive trading networks allowed empires to
  exist without river-valleys
• Marked social stratification possession of
  Bronze by elite
• Chariot warfare and other innovations siege
  engines

19
Fall of the Bronze Age

• Starting in 1200 BCE, most Bronze Age
  civilizations fell
• Invasion by nomadic peoples (e.g. Aryans from
  central Asia)
• Invasion by diverse groups (e.g. Sea Peoples)
• Systems failure followed defeats and in-fighting
  (e.g. Trojan War)

20
Period 2600 BCE 600 CE20 of Test
21
Rise of Classical Period Civilizations

• Nomadic invaders assimilated into local culture,
  creating syncretic cultures
• Influence of river-valley cultures continued,
  e.g. Egyptian and Mycenaean on Greek, became
  Cultural Hearths

22
Political Forms of State

• An Empire or Civilization can have any of the
  following political forms of state
• Monarch Rule by one person (e.g. King)
• Theocracy Rule by priests
• Oligarchy Rule by a small group of elite
• Aristocracy Rule by a traditional elite class
• Democracy Rule by vote of citizens

23
Common themes of Classical Civilizations

• New patterns of social inequality
• Sophisticated Bureaucracy
• Formalized cultural systems
• Universal religions
• A Lingua Franca
• Internal and external trade
• Infrastructure
• Rigid gender roles
• Iron metallurgy
• Large populations

24
Case Studies - Greece

• Greek city-states not unified until threatened by
  Persian Empire (dry-farmers)
• Some poliis (city-states) democratic
• Influenced by Mediterranean cultural hearth
  Greek is cultural not political
• Traded wine, olives, pottery in Mediterranean
• Women had lower status worst in Athens
• Rationalism under Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
• Architecture Parthenon
• Fall Fighting between city-states made
  vulnerable to Macedonians (Phillip II
  Alexander)

25
Case Studies Rome

• Developed around Tiber river Latins enslaved by
  Etruscans
• Ca. 500 BCE broke free, established Republic
  (democratic government)
• Conquered Italy, then the Eastern Western
  Mediterranean (conflict w/Carthage Punic Wars)
• Fought to expand empire into Gaul and beyond

26
Case Study-Rome

• Traded with China along silk road, dominated
  Mediterranean trade, traded with Coastal Africa
  India through IO Saharan networks
• Developed written law code (12 tablets),
  concrete, the Roman Arch (improved), road system
• Co-opted Greek culture revered ( stole)
  Egyptian
• C. 30 BCE Civil conflict leads to EMPIRE
• Empire lasted until c. 400 CE moved to
  Byzantium

27
Case Study Rome

• Fall result of several interrelated factors
• Decline of small farmers and subsequent
  unemployment
• Nomadic migration and invasions (German and
  Central Asian peoples)
• Expense of maintaining extensive borders
• Decadence of wealthy loss of civitas
• Disease and environmental problems

28
Case Study Gupta Maurya India

• Limited political centralization
• High taxes 25 50
• Religions of state Buddhism under Ashoka,
  Hinduism under later rulers
• Status of women higher than Rome or China, but
  still not equal (e.g. Sati)
• Theater-state and use of rituals extensive
• Traded with Africa, Europe, Asia
• Important innovations 0, fractions, inoculation
• Fall result of overspending on military

29
Case Study China

• Kingdoms unified by Chin Shihuangdi
• Great Wall, coinage, weights measures
• Development of Daoism and Confucianism
• Legalistic policies led to fall after death
• Han Empire (200 BCE 200 CE)
• Lingua Franca Mandarin Chinese
• Han ethnic group dominant over others
• Constant threat from central asian nomads
• Trade with Rome and India through Silk Route and
  IO Trade Network

30
Case Study China

• Confucian Exam System used for some positions
• Synthesis of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism
  developed Han Synthesis
• Fall of Han due to several factors
• Invasion by nomadic peoples on horseback
• Corruption cabalism in government
• Natural disasters, disease, drought
• Infrastructural failure (esp. Yellow River)

31
Case Study Mayan Culture

• Had roots in older hearth of Olmec Toltec
• De-centralized city states MAYAN is a culture
  like GREEK
• Social stratification urban elite
• Trade limited for light, high-value objects
• Reverence of Jaguar
• Primary crop Corn but also beans
• Conquest of Aztec (c. 1200 CE) resulted in
  Imperial Control
• Systems failure for some states environmentally
  unsound practices
• Astronomical science, zero

32
Fall of Classical Period Civs

• Commonalities
• Nomadic invasions
• Loss of trade contacts
• Disease natural disasters
• Loss of civic impulse governmental corruption
• Transition from centralized to decentralized
  (sometimes feudalistic) PFOS

33
Period 3600-145020 of Test
34

• Major transitions
• Development expansion of Islam
• Expanding zones of trade/expanding networks
• Spread of religions
• Mongol empire
• Chinese renaissance
• European middle ages renaissance
• Plague pandemics
• Growth role of cities

35
Development expansion of Islam

• Impact on economy trade
• As a business law
• Impact on culture
• Sharia the five pillars
• gender
• Political structures
• The Caliphate Sultanates
• Mali
• Arts, sciences, technologies

36
Expanding zones of trade/expanding networks

• Growth expansion of major trade routes
• Impact of Islam
• Impact of technology
• Camels
• Dhows
• Nature of trade
• Indian Ocean basin
• Trans-Saharan
• Silk Road

37
Spread of religions

• Christianity
• Schism East vs. West
• Buddhism
• Trade routes
• Order of diffusion
• syncretism
• Islam
• By conquest
• By trade

38
Mongol empire

• Political Impacts
• China
• Russia
• Middle East
• Economic impacts
• Trade
• Tax farming
• Military impacts
• Diffusion of military technologies
• Social Impact
• Spread of plague
• China

39
Chinese renaissance

• Sui-Tang-Song
• Commercial revolution
• Maritime trade
• Invention innovation
• Urbanization
• Impact on East Asia
• Zheng He
• Compared to European Renaissance

40
European middle ages renaissance

• Political, Economic, and Social form of Middle
  Ages
• Restructuring Rise of cities, national kingdoms,
  decline of church power
• Impact of Crusades on trade
• Rise of city-states
• Impact of plague commerce on serfdom
• Reformation

41
Growth role of cities

• Cities as centers of innovation
• Rise of city-states
• Urban vs. Rural
• Influence of cities on politics
• Roles of cities
• As trade centers
• As religious centers
• As political capitals

42
Rise of Islam

• Sassanid Byzantine (Roman) Empires w/ state
  religion
• Arabs as intermediaries
• Trade caravans oasis cities
• Prior exposure to Judaism, Christianity,
  Zoroastrianism (of Persia)
• Oral culture
• Clans Tribes constant warfare

43
Why were the Muslims successful?

• Byzantine Sassanid empires weak
• Motivation of Muslim
• Brilliance of commanders
• Combination multiple causation

44
Dar-Al Islam

• Spread through conquest and trade
• Indian Ocean Network provided common culture and
  legal code, increasing trade spread into Fuxian
  province of China
• Silk Road Influenced central Asians, did not get
  into China (Battle of Talus River)
• Trans-Saharan network Spread across e-w axis,
  first Muslim influenced kingdom Ghana (800 CE)
• Spread of Islamic architecture, law (Sharia), and
  education (madrasas)

45
Womens rights under Islam and elsewhere

• Women under Islam had more rights than others
  (e.g. Divorce, property ownership)
• Adopted head covering like European and Persians
• Muhammads first wife older (causation?)
• Women participated in Muslim civil war
• Europe, East Asia more repressive Christianity
  Confucianism
• Americas More roles and rights for women

46
Sunni vs. Shiite split

• Death of Caliph Uthman led to conflict over
  succession
• Muslim community Umma wanted to vote
• Shia wanted bloodline of Muhammad Ali
• Civil war followed schism
• Today Iran is Shia, most of rest mixed or Sunni

47
Highlights of Caliphate

• Abbasid caliphate height of expansion and
  sophistication
• Baghdad population over 1 million, center of
  artistic and intellectual activity
• Water sources brought to most areas
• Eventually hired Turkish soldiers (Mamluks) to
  fight for them later taken over
• Ended with execution of last Caliph by Mongols
  (except in Egypt)
• Conflict with Western Europe over access to holy
  sites, trade The Crusades

48
Coda The World by 1000CE

• Europe decentralized, feudalistic, heavily
  influenced by Christianity, economically cut off
  Iberia ruled by Moors (Muslims)
• East Asia (China) centralized c. 600 CE under
  Sui-Tang-Song active trade, initial influence of
  Buddhism followed by persecution influence of
  China on Korea, Vietnam, and Japan great

49
Coda The World at 1000 CE

• Central Asia Decentralized and tribal, but
  caravan cities trade entrepots along Silk Road
• North Africa Islam spreading, Ummayad Caliphate
  in N. Africa Iberia Trans-Saharan trade
  healthy Muslim states (e.g. Mali)
• Sub-Saharan Africa trading on Swahili coast
  (east) Great Zimbabwe in-land much untouched by
  outsiders b/c geographic micro-parasitic
  obstacles Bantu Migration provided cultural
  continuity

50
Coda The World In 1000 CE

• The Americas
• Central America Pre-Aztec Mayan Classical Age
• South American (Peru) Pre-Incan Moche culture
• North America Hopewell Anasazi cultures
  decentralized tribal otherwise
• South Asia (India)
• --Delhi Sultanate in N. India, Rajputs in
  Himalayan foothills
• -- Decentralized otherwise, with trade zones on
  coasts and Gujarat