KEEPING PLANTS HEALTHY

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KEEPING PLANTS HEALTHY

• Unit E MANAGING PESTS IN PLANTS

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FIVE MAJOR CATEGORIES OF PESTS
PEST Anything that causes plants injury or
damages them

• INSECTS
• NEMATODES
• DISEASES
• WEEDS
• RODENTS

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CHARACTERISTICS OF INSECTS

• Insects have three pairs or 6 legs.
• Insects body is divided into three
• sections head, thorax and abdomen.

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FIVE TYPES OF MOUTH PARTS

• CHEWING Bite off, chew and grind parts of
  plants examples include grasshoppers, beetles
  and armyworms.
• PIERCING-SUCKING Suck sap from a plant
  examples include aphids, chinch bugs, thrips,
  squash bugs and leafhoppers.

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• Rasping-sucking rasps or breaks surface and
  sucks the sap EX thrips
• Siphoning a coiled tube they dip into liquid
  food (nectar)

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• Sponging have 2 spong-like structures that
  collect liquid food and move it into the food
  canal Ex housefly

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METAMORPHOSIS FOUR STAGES

• 1. EGG
• 2. LARVA worms or caterpillars
• 3. PUPA
• 4. ADULT flies, beetles, etc.
• Examples of insects with complete metamorphosis
  include moths and butterflies, beetles and boll
  weevils.

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INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS

• 1. EGG
• 2. NYMPH
• 3. ADULT
• EXAMPLE IS A GRASSHOPPER

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• Insects must be killed when that are actively
  feeding or moving on the plant.

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WAYS INSECTS ARE BENEFICIAL

• IMPROVE THE SOIL - Allow air to enter the soil or
  bury decaying parts of plants ants, wild bees
  and beetles.
• HELP POLLINATE PLANTS - Spread pollen from plant
  to plant bees, butterflies, wasps and
• beetles.

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• DESTROY INSECTS - Attack and destroy harmful
  insects lady beetles, dragon flies, wasps and
  ants.

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Damage to plants by pests

• Insects damage depends on types of mouthparts
• Chewing - parts of leaves eaten away
• Beetles eat leaves, stems, flowers and fruit
• Cutworms usually attach stems
• Caterpillars larva of moths eat young leaves
  and stem make leaves curl
• Grasshoppers eat all parts of the plant

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Damage from Sucking insects

• Aphids pierce and suck juices, called plant
  lice. Causes stunted growth and yellow spotted
  leaves. Sticky substance and black mold will
  appear on leaves, followed by ants eating the
  sticky stuff.

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Sucking

• Mealy bugs
• Pierce and suck from underside of leaves and in
  the leaf axils causing yellow appearance

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Sucking

• Scale appear as black or brown raised lumps
  attached to stems and underside of leaves causing
  yellow leaves and stunted growth

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Sucking

• Thrips
• Chew and then suck causing plant tissue to become
  speckled or whitened, leaf tip to wither or curl
  up or die

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Whiteflies

• Feed on underside of leaves causing yellowing.
  They will look like flying little white specks
  when plants are shaken or moved.

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Plant Diseases

• Disease a plant disorder caused by an
  infectious pathogen or agent
• 3 things needed for disease
• Host plant
• Disease causing organism or pathogen
• Favorable environment for disease

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MAJOR TYPES OF PLANT DISEASES

• ENVIRONMENTAL
• 1. Nutrient deficiencies
• 2. Damage to plant parts
• 3. Chemical injuries
• 4. Pollution injuries
• 5. Weather
• 6. Naturally-occurring genetic abnormalities

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• PARASITIC
• 1. Fungi
• 2. Bacteria
• 3. Viruses
• 4. Parasitic plants like mistletoe, lichens
  attach themselves to a host plant and suck food
  life from it

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• Plant diseases must be identified before they can
  be treated
• Warmth and moist environment of greenhouses make
  plant diseases worse.

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Blight

• Plants quickly turn brown or black as if they
  have been burned

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Canker

• Causes open wounds on wood plant stems

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Damping Off
Damping off is a fungal diseases that causes
young plants and seedlings to rot off at soil
level.
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Galls round swellings or growths on plants.
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Leaf spots rings of different shades of brown,
green or yellow that makespots on leaves.
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Mildew grows on leaf surface as white, gray or
purplespots.Looks like powder.
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Rot cause plant to decay and die.Usually
caused by excessive moisture
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Rust causes small spots on leaves that resemble
yellow, orange, brown or red rustmainly on the
underneath side of leaves.
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Smut a black powdery disease that causes
blisters that burst open releasingblack spores.
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Wilt diseases that block the uptake of water
in plant stems causing plantsto wilt.
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Mosaic caused by viruses that make the leaves
have irregular mottled areaswith patterns
ranging from dark green to light green to yellow
to white.
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• Preventing plant diseases is better than treating
  the diseases.

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PROBLEMS THAT WEEDS CAUSEWeed Any plant growing
in an unwanted area

• Keep plants from growing
• Waste nutrients
• Lower quality of crop
• Make harvesting harder
• Hiding place for insects and disease
• Look bad

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CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR A PEST TO CAUSE PROBLEMS

• A PEST MUST EXIST
• A SUSCEPTIBLE PLANT
• THE RIGHT ENVIRONMENT

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WAYS THAT PESTS DAMAGE PLANTS

• Pests chew holes in plants
• Pests attack the vascular system
• Pests attack the fruit
• Pests contaminate products
• Pests rob plants of food
• Pests damage land

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Biological uses natural enemies such as birds,
other insects, etc.Lady bugs eat aphids, so
they help the gardener control a bad insect
Ways to control pests
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Chemicals using poisons insecticides

• Contact poisons affect the insects nervous
  system and must come into contact with insect to
  be effective.
• Stomach poisons are sprayed on plant surfaces or
  are taken into the plant through absorption. The
  insect must eat or suck the poison to get it into
  the
• stomach. Most effective for chewing insects.
• SYSTEMIC POISONS - Poison is absorbed by the
  plant and when insects bites or sucks its juice,
  it gets poison. Systemic poisons are more
  effective for
• controlling sucking insects like scale.
• FUMIGANTS poisonous gases released into
  greenhouse and insects breath the gases

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WAYS TO PREVENT PEST PROBLEMS

• Use good seed
• Destroy diseased plants
• Use the right fertilizer
• Disinfect equipment
• Use good water
• Control animal movement
• Use chemicals properly
• Use tests to check for pests

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CULTURAL PRACTICES

• Cultural involves sanitation, removing insect
  breeding and hiding areas and using insect
  resistant plant varieties.
• ROTATING CROPS
• ROGUING
• TRAP CROPPING
• BURNING
• USING RESISTANT VARIETIES

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MECHANICAL METHODS OF PEST CONTROL

• Mechanical uses physical control such as insect
  traps using screens over fans and other openings
  and washing plants with soapy water.
• PLOWING
• MOWING
• MULCHING

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PESTICIDES

• Chemicals used to control pest
• Insecticides - controls insects
• Nematocides - controls nematodes
• Fungicides - controls fungi
• Bactericides - used to control bacteria
• Herbicides - used to control weeds

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TYPES OF HERBICIDES

• SELECTIVE HERBICIDES - Will only kill certain
  kinds of plants.
• NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDES - Used to kill all
  vegetation where they are applied.
• TRANSLOCATED HERBICIDES - Absorbed into the plant
  and moved all through its parts upset the growth
  process of weeds.

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NON-CHEMICAL MEANS OF CONTROLLING PESTS

• BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL - Using living organisms
  to control pests.
• GENETIC METHODS - Develop crops that are
  resistant to pests

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IPM

• INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT is a planned process
  for controlling pests.
• Involves using a blend of pest control techniques
  in a planned program
• Field of crops is managed as an ecosystem
• IPM has fewer adverse effects on the environment.

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SAFETY PRACTICES IN PEST CONTROL

• Use only approved pesticides
• Know the pesticide
• Use the pesticide with low toxicity
• Use pesticides only when needed
• Do not contaminate resources
• Wear protective clothing

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SAFETY PRACTICES IN PEST CONTROL

• Wash the skin after contact
• Dispose of empty containers properly
• Apply in good weather
• Use the right equipment
• Know the emergency measures