The Chemistry of Life

1
The Chemistry of Life

• v Elements and the Periodic Table
• v Atomic Structure
• v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule
• v Bonding between atoms
• Covalent non-polar and polar
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
• v Chemical Reactions
• v Acids, Bases, and pH
• Functional Groups
• Carbohydrates Monosaccharides and
  Polysaccharides
• Lipids Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids
• Proteins Amino Acids and Polypeptides
• Nucleic Acids Nucleotides and RNA/DNA

2
Carbohydrate Simple Sugars Monosaccharides
Glucose
3
Polysaccharides are Monosaccharides Linked by
Dehydration
Figure 2.8
4
Polysaccharides are Used for Energy Storage or
Structural Support
Energy storage
glu
glu
glu
glu
glu glu glu glu glu glu
glu glu glu OR
Structural support
glu glu glu glu
glu glu
5
Chitin is Made of Repeating NAG Molecules (Fungal
Cell Walls))
Structural support
NAG NAG NAG NAG NAG
NAG
6
Peptidoglycan/Murein is Made of NAG-NAM
(Bacterial Cell Walls)
Structural support
NAG NAM NAG NAM NAG
NAM
pentapeptide links
NAG NAM NAG NAM NAG
NAM
7
The Chemistry of Life

• v Elements and the Periodic Table
• v Atomic Structure
• v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule
• v Bonding between atoms
• Covalent non-polar and polar
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
• v Chemical Reactions
• v Acids, Bases, and pH
• Functional Groups
• Carbohydrates Monosaccharides and
  Polysaccharides
• Lipids Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids
• Proteins Amino Acids and Polypeptides
• Nucleic Acids Nucleotides and RNA/DNA

8
Monomers of Lipids Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Saturated fatty acid all single C-C bonds
Unsaturated fatty acid one or more double CC
bonds
9
Complex or Polymer Lipids
Figure 2.9c
10
Complex or Polymer Lipids
Figure 2.10a
11
Complex or Polymer Lipids

• Ergosterol
• (fungal cell membranes)

(animal cell membranes)
Cholesterol and ergosterol keep plasma membranes
fluid and flexible
12
The Chemistry of Life

• v Elements and the Periodic Table
• v Atomic Structure
• v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule
• v Bonding between atoms
• Covalent non-polar and polar
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
• v Chemical Reactions
• v Acids, Bases, and pH
• Functional Groups
• Carbohydrates Monosaccharides and
  Polysaccharides
• Lipids Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids
• Proteins Amino Acids and Polypeptides
• Nucleic Acids Nucleotides and RNA/DNA

13
Protein Monomers Amino Acids (Peptides)
14
Twenty Amino Acids Used in Polypeptides
15
Linking Amino Acids (Peptides)
Figure 2.14
16
Levels of Protein Structure
Disulfide bonds
Ionic bonds
Non -polar interactions
Hydrogen bonds
17
The Chemistry of Life

• v Elements and the Periodic Table
• v Atomic Structure
• v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule
• v Bonding between atoms
• Covalent non-polar and polar
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
• v Chemical Reactions
• v Acids, Bases, and pH
• Functional Groups
• Carbohydrates Monosaccharides and
  Polysaccharides
• Lipids Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids
• Proteins Amino Acids and Polypeptides
• Nucleic Acids Nucleotides and RNA/DNA

18
Monomers of Nucleic Acids
5
1
4
ribonucleotide
2
3
ribonucleotide
5
1
4
3
2
deoxyribonucleotide
19
Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids Information Storage
RNA Single stranded Uses G, C, A, U
bases Uses ribose sugar
DNA Double stranded Uses G, C, A, T
bases Uses deoxyribose sugar
20
The Chemistry of Life

• v Elements and the Periodic Table
• v Atomic Structure
• v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule
• v Bonding between atoms
• Covalent non-polar and polar
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
• v Chemical Reactions
• v Acids, Bases, and pH
• Functional Groups
• Carbohydrates Monosaccharides and
  Polysaccharides
• Lipids Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids
• Proteins Amino Acids and Polypeptides
• Nucleic Acids Nucleotides and RNA/DNA