Beef Cattle Introduction and Breeds

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Beef Cattle Introduction and Breeds

• Advanced Animal Science
• Reeves

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Characteristics of the Beef Industry

• Segmented Industry
• 1. Cow/ Calf- commercial and purebred. They are
  the dictators of what's to come.
• 2. Stocker- graze phase 300-400. Pays on gain
  (per lb).
• 3. Feedlot - Heavy weight cattle, confined
  operation 400-500
• 4. Packer - enemy, Take feedlot cattle, grade
  them, sent out as boxed beef.
• 5. Purveyor- distributor
• 6. Retailer - HEB, Kroger, Randalls
• 7. Consumer- 5-6/ lb

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Characteristics of the Beef Industry

• Cow/ Calf -
• Texas 14.1 million (ranks 1, makes up 14 of
  the total US beef)
• Kansas 6.5 million
• Nebraska 6.5 million
• Feedlot-
• 1. Texas 2.6 million
• 2. Kansas 2.2 million
• 3. Nebraska 2.2 million
• 4. Missouri 2.1 million

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Breed Selection

• 2 Main Factors
• 1. Genetics
• 2. Environment
• Genetics
• Determine advantages, disadvantages, then market
  ability.
• Certified Angus Beef (50 Black, typical beef
  type, no floppy ear or hump larger than 4,
  carcass avg choice or better, yield of 3 or
  better)
• Environmental
• Geographical environment, management env. And
  personal preference

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Breed Selection

• Production Criteria
• 1. Mature Size - will it fit the environment? Do
  not outgrow your environment.
• 2. Milk production - as milking ability
  increases, the nutritional requirements increase.
  (Ex. Simmental)
• 3. Muscle Amount - as we increase muscling,
  fertility rate decreases. (higher muscle results
  in distocia in males and females)
• 4. Sexual Maturity - age at puberty, when is the
  1st ovulation
• 5. Management efficiency - easy keeper, foraging
  ability
• 6. Biological Specie- Bos Indicus vs. Bos Taurus

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Bos Indicus vs. Bos Taurus

• Bos Indicus
• Humped Breeds
• Advantages
• Heat resistant
• resistant to parasites
• Disadvantages
• less adaptable to cold
• lower reproductive efficiency

• Bos Taurus
• Non Humped Breeds
• Advantages
• Cold resistant
• higher repro efficiency
• Disadvantages
• heat tolerance low
• susceptible to disease

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Breed Selection

• British/ English
• Angus, Shorthorn, Red Angus, Hereford, Polled
  Hereford
• European/ Continental
• Simmental, Gelbvieh, Salers, Maine Anjou,
  Chianina, Pinzgauer
• American
• Brangus, Simbrah, Santa Gertrudis, Brahmousin,
  Beefmaster, Braford

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Hybrid Vigor

• The crossing of 2 totally different breeds.
• We calculate it to give us an idea of
  heritability of traits (such as color, muscle,
  milk, reproduction)
• F1 have the most expression HV
• Calculating HV
• ww of offspring - Average ww of parents/ average
  ww of parents 100 HVWW
• ww weaning weight (the weight at which an animal
  is taken off of the milk from mother)

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Hybrid Vigor

• Example
• Brahman Bull 480 ww
• Hereford Cow 500 ww
• F1 Calf 525
• 480500 980
• 525- 490/490 100 7.14
• 7HV
• If the ww of offspring is less than the best
  parent crossbreeding is useless.

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English/ British Breeds
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Angus

• Originated in Scotland
• Taurus
• solid Black or red
• Polled
• Came to America in 1873
• resistant to harsh weather
• Early maturing

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Hereford

• Originated in Hereford, England
• Red with white head, legs, and underline
• Purebred
• Early maturing
• Good tempered
• 1817 Henry Clay

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Polled Hereford

• Registered American Breed, Iowa 1901
• Red and White body, brisket and underside
• Naturally horn-less
• developed as an idea

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Shorthorn

• Originated in England
• Red red white or roan in color
• Originally used as a dual purpose breed for meat
  and milk
• Sometimes called the Durham breed

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Simmental

• Originated in Switzerland
• Oldest breed of cattle in the world
• Large, powerful breed
• Brought to the United States in 1971
• AKA Fleck

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European Breeds
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Gelbvieh

• Originated in Germany
• Red in color, gold to rust
• Dual Purpose breed, milk and meat
• adaptable to broad range in climate
• 4 most numerous breed
• Noted for superior fertility and mothering ability

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Charolais

• Originated in France
• Traditionally white in color
• Long bodied, large cattle
• Heavily muscled
• Coarse looking

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Maine Anjou

• Originated in Northwest France
• Dark red with white markings or black
• Developed by crossing the Durham and Mancelle
  breed
• Bulls 2200- 3100
• Name came from river valleys

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Chianina

• Originated in West Central Italy
• One of the oldest breeds of cattle
• Draft animals
• Tallest breed of beef cattle
• Short hair that is white to steel gray
• Terminal breed
• high heat tolerance

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Brahman

• Originated in India
• Able to survive on very little, poor feed
• Insect heat resistant
• Excess skin and large hump on back
• White to gray, red to black
• Sweat glands

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Pinzgauer

• Originated in European.
• Red and white
• Austrian name
• good meat production
• Certified Pinzgauers have a white tail and red
  face.

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Salers

• Originated in South Central France
• Purebred
• milk and meat
• Typically Horned, polled red or black available.
• Depicted in cave dwellings 7k yrs ago.
• Survive in rough rocky terrain and harsh damp
  climates
• major contributor to American meat market

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Belgian Blue

• Originated in Europe
• Red and Black Pide with Shorthorn
• Taurus
• White, blue roan, some black,
• Double muscled
• Beef and milk
• late maturing, mild temper

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Limousin

• Originated in South Central France
• Indicus
• Golden red
• Sturdy and adaptable
• Dual purpose meat and work
• Butchers animal
• Isolated breed, genetic interference is not a
  problem

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American Breeds
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Braford

• Originated in Florida
• 3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Hereford
• White face with red body and red eye patches

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Texas Longhorn

• Developed entirely by nature in North America
• Known for its long horns
• High fertility
• Were near extinction in 1927

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Santa Gertrudis

• Developed on the King Ranch in Texas
• All Santa Gertrudis are descendants of the bull,
  Monkey
• 3/8 Brahman bulls, 5/8 Shorthorn cows
• hair is long in cold climates and short in hot
  climates
• Direct descendant from bull Monkey
• Feedlot efficient

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Brahmousin

• American
• 3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Limousin
• Purebred
• Dark mahogany to light tan color
• at least 1/4 Limousin And 1/4 Brahman to be
  recorded

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Red Brangus

• Originated in So. Texas
• 3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angus
• developed in 30s
• Bulls breed till 10 yrs
• Cows till 14 yrs

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Simbrah

• Developed in humid areas along the Gulf Coast
• 3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Simmental
• Known as The All Purpose American Breed
• High fertility and Early maturing

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Beefmaster

• Originated Lasater Ranch, American
• 1/4 Hereford, 1/4 Shorthorn, 1/2 Brahman
• Brownish Red most common
• 6 essentials
• Weight
• Conformation
• Milking ability
• Fertility
• Hardiness
• Disposition

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Brangus

• Originated in US 1932, USDA experiment station in
  LA.
• 3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angus
• solid black, can be red
• calves are large
• adaptable to all climates
• good mothering ability
• good feedlot efficiency