MACROMOLECULES a.k.a. Bio-Molecules a.k.a. Organic Molecules

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MACROMOLECULES a.k.a. Bio-Molecules a.k.a.
Organic Molecules

• A car isnt one single thing.
• Its made from combining numerous parts that work
  together.
• Often, those parts are made of even smaller parts.

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Macromolecules

• Organisms are similar except they are made of
  very specialized parts, organic parts.
• There are numerous parts but there are 4 special
  ones that are common to all life.
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• These are the 4 major classes of macromolecules
  that you are going to be required to know both
  structures and functions.

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Objectives Macromolecules

• Identify what are the chemicals of life made
  from.
• Identify why carbon can be the basis of so many
  types of bio-molecules.
• Identify the structures of the subunits that form
  the macromolecules.
• Describe the relationship between monomers and
  polymers.
• Restate 3 major functions of carbohydrates in
  cells.
• Identify what determines the function of
  proteins.
• Describe 2 functions of lipids.
• Summarize the role of nucleic acids in a cell.

• Vocabulary
• Carbohydrate
• Lipid
• Protein
• Amino acid
• Nucleic acid
• Nucleotide
• DNA
• RNA
• ATP

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Review Ionic Bonding Swapping e-

• Ionic Bonding
• Atoms can sometimes achieve a stable valence
  level by losing or gaining electrons.
• When this happens, the charge of the atom changes
  slightly and an ion is formed.
• An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has an
  electric charge because it has gained or lost
  electrons.
• Opposite charges attract.
• The attractive force between oppositely charged
  ions is an ionic bond.

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How Do You Show the Bonds?

• Ionic

Bohr Model
Or
Lewis Structure
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Lewis Dot Structures
Shows only the electrons that participate in
bonding.
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Review Covalent Bonds Sharing e-

• Covalent Bonding
• One way that atoms bond is by sharing valence
  electrons to form a covalent bond.
• A molecule is a group of atoms held together by
  covalent bonds.
• A water molecule, H2O, forms when an oxygen atom
  forms covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms.

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How Do You Show the Bonds?

• Covalent

Bohr Model
Or
Lewis Structure
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Hydrogen Bonding

• A hydrogen bond is a bond that forms between the
  positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and the
  negative pole of another molecule.
• Represented as dashed lines.
• We will see these again

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Why We Study Macromolecules

• Macromolecules are necessary to study for several
  important reasons.
• They allow life to persist and thrive.
• All organisms are made of all the same basic
  stuff put together in a million different ways.

• How do you get these in your body?
• You consume all of these when you eat other
  organisms and stuff made from other organisms.

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Reading Research

• You will work together in your assigned groups to
  explore the features of macromolecules first.
• You will need to read through everything
  together, answer all questions, and complete all
  drawings for a complete introduction.
• Once I verify youve finished, you will keep the
  8-page packet in your notebooks.
• You will get credit for the packet and answers
  when you complete and turn in the Final
  Questions (I will give after you are done with
  the packet) on Tuesday.
• Q Can I just turn in the answers get credit?
• A No. If you fail to complete the packet you
  will not only not get credit for the assignment
  but also be WAY behind Do it.

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Macromolecule Group Work

• Get into groups. Have your packet, the Final
  Questions WS something to write with.
• We will cover CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS today.
• We will cover LIPIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS tomorrow.
• Your Final Questions WS is due on Block day.

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Building Blocks of Cells

• You know that all living things are made of
  cells.
• The parts of a cell are made up of large, complex
  molecules, often called macromolecules.
• These are also known as organic compounds or
  carbon compounds.
• Large, complex macromolecules are built from a
  few smaller, simpler, repeating subunits arranged
  in an extremely precise way.
• The basic atomic subunit of most macromolecules
  contain atoms of carbon.

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Carbon Bonding
Carbon What number is it on the periodic
table? What major column does carbon fall
under? How many bonds can carbon then form?
Carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with as
many as four other atoms. It can form three
major types of bonds. C-C Single carbon to
carbon CC Double CC Triple Sorry, no
quadruple bonds
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Constructing the Macromolecules

• Carbon, due to its flexibility, bonds with other
  elements to form the basic subunits called
  monomers of the larger, more complex
  macromolecules, called polymers.

Covalent Bond
Covalent Bond
MONOMER/Subunit
MONOMER/Subunit
MONOMER/Subunit
POLYMER/Macromolecule
You need to know specifically Condensation/Dehydr
ation Synthesis Water is formed when subunits
bond. Hydrolysis Water is split to break down
polymers.
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HOW THE POLYMERS ARE FORMED DEHYDRATION
(condensation) SYNTHESIS. Water is formed when
the monomers covalently bond.
Water is released in a condensation reaction that
forms this disaccharide
Energy Stored
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Energy Released
Water is split in a hydrolysis reaction that
forms 2 monosaccharides and releases energy.
HOW MACROMOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN HYDROLYSIS
Stored Energy
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Dehydration Synthesis v Hydrolysissimplified.
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1st Macromolecule Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are molecules made of one or more
  simple sugars subunits.
• A sugar contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Its abbreviated CHO
• in a ratio of 121.
• Its formula is C6H12O6
• Glucose is a common sugar found everywhere in
  nature.

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Carbohydrates Structure

• Glucose is a monosaccharide, or single sugar.
• So is fructose, dextrose, ribose
• Two sugars can be linked to make a disaccharide.
• Sucrose, lactose
• Many monosaccharide subunits can be linked to
  make a polysaccharide ( many sugars)
• Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

• Monosaccharides and disaccharides are considered
  simple carbohydrates or simple sugars.
• Polysaccharides are considered complex
  carbohydrates.

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Carbohydrates Functions

• Cells use carbohydrates for sources of energy,
  structural materials, and cellular
  identification.

• Carbohydrates are a major source of energy for
  many organisms, including humans.
• It is used specifically to make ATP in
  mitochondria.

Used to make
ATP
Sugar
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Carbohydrates Structural Support

• Chitin and cellulose are complex carbohydrates
  that provide (structural) support. Similar to the
  frame of a house.
• Chitin is responsible for the hardness of shells
  of arthropods (insects) and crustaceans (crabs
  such) and the cell walls of mushrooms.
• Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants.
• This helps them stand straight up.

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Carbohydrates Identification

• In a complex organism, cells recognize
  neighboring cells by the short, branched chains
  of varying sugar units on their outer surface.

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Complex Carbs in Food
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Simple Carbs
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Summary Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are known as sugars or starches,
  depending on the number of monomers in the
  molecule
• The subunit for carbohydrates is a simple sugar
  (like glucose)
• Carbohydrates are known for being quick energy
  sources but also can be used for structure
  cellular identification.

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Proteins

• Proteins are chains of amino acids subunits.
• The amino acids twist and fold into certain
  shapes that determine what the proteins do.
• There are thousands of proteins that perform many
  types of functions.
• Structure
• Support
• Movement
• Communication
• Transportation
• And carrying out chemical reactions

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Amino Acids

• Amino acids are the subunits, the building
  blocks, of proteins.
• 20 different ones are bonded together in millions
  of ways to create the millions of proteins that
  exist.

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Amino Acids

• Amino acids have three distinct areas.
• The amino group
• The carboxyl group
• The R group, which 20 different options

Carboxyl group
Amino group
R group
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Proteins,

• A protein is a molecule made up of long chains of
  amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
• Proteins are called polypeptides.
• Poly many
• Peptide amino acid subunits.

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Proteins in Food
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Summary Proteins

• Subunit of proteins is the amino acid (there are
  20 of them that we use in our bodies)
• There are many functions of proteins, including
  support, transportation, immune system, movement,
  cellular communication.

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Lipids

• Lipids are another class of biomolecules, which
  includes fats, phospholipids, steroids, and
  waxes.
• The main purpose of fats is to store energy and
  can actually do so more efficiently than
  carbohydrates.

Look at all that energy!

• Lipids consist of chains of carbon atoms bonded
  to each other and to hydrogen atoms. This
  structure makes lipids non-polar so they repel
  water.
• Is water polar or non-polar?
• Lipids separate from water and dont dissolve in
  it.
• Lipids will dissolve in other lipids, however.
• This gives the term fat soluble

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Lipid Subunit

• Fatty Acid Carbon chain surrounded by hydrogen.
  (Attached to a carboxyl, making it an acid)

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Fatty acids

• Fat subunits are fatty acids, and are often
  called as such
• Trans (cis) transfat
• Saturated
• No bends or double carbon bonds
• Unsaturated.
• Contains one or more cc bonds
• Saturated fats are dangerous because of how close
  they can stack together in your blood vessels.

• Because of the carbon-hydrogen bonds, lipids are
  also called hydrocarbons.
• These are used for energy and lubrication.
• Gasoline and oil are hydrocarbons.

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Lipids Functions

• Lipids are non-polar they can help control
  water.
• Its the main component of body fat but the
  cells outer membrane is made of phospholipids.
• The structure of cell membranes depends on how
  phospholipids interact with water.

• Waxes, found on the surfaces of plants and
  aquatic bird feathers, waterproof to help
  prevent evaporation of water from the cells of
  the organism.

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Li-pids in the Membrane

• Phospholipids
• Phosphate head
• Fatty acid tail
• Cholesterol
• Glycolipids

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Phospholipids

• The only reason why cells can form is because of
  the properties of phospholipids.
• THEY ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT.

Hydrophilic heads love water and always point
to it.
Hydrophobic tails hate water and always point
away from it.
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Lipids The Foundation for Hormones.

• Lipids also serve as the foundation for hormones.
• Hormones are chemical substances produced in the
  body that control and regulate the activity of
  certain cells or organs.
• They signal other cells to do important jobs.

• Examples
• Cholesterol
• Testosterone
• Estrogen
• HGH
• Insulin
• Adrenaline

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Lipids in Food
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Nucleic Acids Function Subunits

• Nucleic acids are the molecules that contain the
  hereditary information (directions for making
  traits) found in only living organisms.
• A nucleic acid is a long chain of nucleotide
  subunits.
• A nucleotide is a molecule made up of three
  parts a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group.

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Nucleotide The Subunit of Nucleic Acids
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DNA vs RNA Structure

• DeoxyriboNucleic Acid DNA
• Has two oxygen molecules on the sugar

• RiboNucleic Acid RNA
• Is missing one of the oxygen atom

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Nucleic Acids,

• Hereditary Information
• DNA molecules act as instructions for the
  processes of an organisms life.
• DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides that
  spiral around each other.
• Similar to a spiral staircase.
• DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds.
• RNA also interacts with DNA to help decode the
  information.
• Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary
  information.

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Nucleic Acids

• Made of many individual nucleotides

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Nucleic Acids, ATP

• Energy Carriers
• Some single nucleotides have
  other important roles.
• Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the energy
  currency of cells.
• Its is a nucleotide that has three phosphate
  groups.
• Energy is released in the hydrolysis reaction
  that breaks off the third phosphate group.
• Other single nucleotides transfer electrons or
  hydrogen atoms for other life processes.

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Hydrolysis of ATP to produce ENERGY
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Closure

• What did you learn today?
• Any questions?
• Get your packets checked and have Final Questions
  complete by tomorrow.

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Have you seen one of these?

• This label has all kinds of important
  information.
• There are fats, sugars, proteins, vitamins, etc.
• These Nutrition Facts labels help you decide if
  you are getting the appropriate quantities in
  each meal.

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UDA Recommended Daily Allowance

• .

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Carbohydrates Proteins Fats
Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Nucleic Acids
Proteins Fats
Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Nucleic Acids
Proteins Fats
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Achieving Balance.

• You can find hundreds of example diets all
  describing various ways to be most healthy.
• Vegan
• Atkins
• High protein.
• As the graphic suggests, we need a balanced diet,
  representing all the organic molecules youll
  learn about today.
• The closer you get to balance, the better off
  your health will be.

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MacromoleculePractice

• Complete the Cereal Nutrition Label Analysis
  Lab (50pts Lab).

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MacromoleculePractice

• Complete the Building Macromolecules packet by
  Friday (50pts Lab).
• Have this Macromolecules in Food packet by
  Friday. (40pts/ Lab)

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• Review for Quiz
• Atoms
• Structure
• Subatomic particle properties
• How to use the periodic table to find (e-, p, n,
  ve-, rings)
• Types of bonds
• Covalent (define, how they form, and give
  examples)
• Ionic ()
• Hydrogen ()
• There relative strengths (which is
  strongest/weakest)
• Macromolecules
• 4 major classes
• Their functions
• Their subunits (names structures, like what was
  on the warm up)
• How they form
• Review Macromolecule ppt.

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Questions?

• I have several for you your group.
• Go to your group tables. Pair up and get a wipe
  board and a wipe board marker.

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What structure is this?

• Water

You should know it by its shape but in case you
didnt before, now you do!
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Is water polar or non-polar?

• Polar
• How do you know?
• If you split it in half the electrons are not
  shared equally.
• Why is this important?
• It allows water to interact with other polar
  substances, including itself.

Partially
Partially -
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Is carbon dioxide polar or non-polar?

• Non-polar
• How do you know?
• If you split it in half the electrons are shared
  equally.
• Why is this important?
• This wont interact with water or other polar
  molecules the same.

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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What type of bond is illustrated between 2 water
molecules?

• Hydrogen Bonds
• Why are these important?
• They allow all other properties of water to exist.

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What are the 4 macromolecules?

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

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What is this macromolecule?

• Sugar or carbohydrates.
• Name 2 functions of carbohydrates
• Energy, structures (like shells and plant
  stalks), identification.
• Where is it found in the body?
• Stored in the liver, floating in blood, on
  surface markers of cells

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What is this macromolecule?

• Lipids or fats.
• Name 1 function of fats.
• Energy storage.
• Where is it found in our body?
• Fatty tissue and cell walls.

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What is this molecule?

• Amino acid
• It is a subunit of what macromolecule?
• Proteins
• Amino acids are held together by what type of
  bond?
• Covalent, specifically, peptide
• Proteins are found where in the body?
• Muscles, enzymes, in the blood, all over really.

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What is this macromolecule?

• Nucleic acid specifically a nucleotide of DNA
• What is the building block of nucleic acids?

• Nucleotides
• What do nucleic acids do?
• Store hereditary information the directions for
  life.
• What is ATP
• The energy currency in cells.

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What is this structure?

• Cell Membrane

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What does this structure do?

• Protect the inside of the cell from the outside
  and regulate what goes in and out.

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Name 2 of the macromolecules that appear in the
structure below.
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Name the function that these 2 macromolecules
perform in the cell/membrane.

• Sugar Identification
• Lipids the lipid bilayer
• Proteins Enzymes, channels for water,
• Nucleic acids ATP give energy, DNA RNA hold
  hereditary information

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Name one thing you can eat that contains each
macromolecule

• Carbohydrates
• Sugar, plants,
• Lipids
• Meat, dairy, butter, oils
• Proteins
• Meat, dairy, beans,
• Nucleic Acids
• The building blocks are in anything that is or
  once was living gross.

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What is a monomer and how do they make polymers?

• Polymers are large molecules built from bonding
  individual monomers together.
• Polymer macromolecules
• Monomer subunit

Covalent Bond
Covalent Bond
MONOMER/Subunit
MONOMER/Subunit
MONOMER/Subunit
POLYMER/Macromolecule
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Dehydration Synthesis v Hydrolysissimplified.
The reaction that creates the macromolecules.
The reaction that breaks down the macromolecules.
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What are the subunit monomer for each
macromolecule polymer?
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Summary

• Cells are constructed with and contain smaller,
  independent organic molecules composed of carbon
  atoms bonded with other elements, forming unique
  subunits.
• There are 4 classes of organic molecules.
• Each have unique properties and uses.
• We create ourselves by in taking these molecules
  in the foods we eat, deconstructing them, then
  reassembling themmetabolism
• Health is achieved by acquiring the right numbers
  of these.
• The right numbers is determined by eating a
  balanced diet.
• For homework, get a nutrition label for a food
  you eat commonly and bring it in tomorrow.

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Summary

• Large, complex biomolecules are built from a few
  smaller, simpler, repeating units arranged in an
  extremely precise way.
• Cells use carbohydrates for sources of energy,
  structural materials, and cellular
  identification.
• The main functions of lipids include storing
  energy and controlling water movement

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Summary, continued

• Proteins are chains of amino acids that twist and
  fold into shapes that determine what the protein
  does.
• Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary
  information.