Incas

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Incas
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Pre-Inca Empire
2500 BC - Around this time people in the region
began farming. They grew potatoes, corn, cotton,
and other crops. They also started forming
villages. 900 BC - The Chavin civilization
begins to form in the northern Andes highlands.
850 BC - The Chavin build the city and temple
of Chavin de Huantar. It is located around 160
miles north of where Lima, Peru is today. 700
BC - The Paracas civilization begins to form.
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200 BC - The Chavin civilization collapses. 100
AD - The Nazca civilization begins to flourish.
The Nazca are known for their complex textiles
and ceramics. They are also famous for the Nazca
Lines drawn in the desert floor. These lines form
the shapes of large animals when viewed from the
air. 200 AD - The Paracas civilization
collapses. 600 AD - The Huari civilization
begins to form in the area.
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800 AD - The Nazca and Moche civilizations come
to an end. 1000 AD - Many more cultures begin
to form in the area during this time including
the Chimu. 1200 AD - The Chimu build their
capital city Chan Chan.
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Inca Empire Time Line
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Inca Empire
1200 AD - The Inca tribe, led by Manco Capac,
founded the city of Cuzco in the Cuzco Valley
region. 1200 AD to 1400 AD - The Inca live in
and around the city-state of Cuzco. During this
period of time they do not try to expand their
area of control. 1438 AD - Pachacuti Inca
Yupanqui becomes the leader of the Inca. He
begins to conquer nearby tribes and expand the
control of the Inca Empire. He reorganizes the
government into the Tawantinsuyu and builds the
city of Machu Picchu.
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1471 AD - Tupac Inca Yupanqui, Pachacuti's son,
becomes emperor. He will greatly expand the Inca
Empire. 1476 AD - Emperor Tupac defeats the
Chuma Empire and their lands become part of the
Inca Empire. 1493 AD - Huayna Capac, Tupac's
son, becomes emperor. The Inca Empire will reach
its peak under the reign of Huayna Capac.
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Decline and Fall of the Inca Empire
1525 AD - The sons of Emperor Huayna, Atahualpa
and Huascar, fight over the crown. The Inca
Empire fights a civil war for the next five
years. 1532 AD - Atahualpa defeats Huascar and
becomes the emperor. At the same time, Spanish
conquistador Francisco Pizarro arrives in Peru.
Pizarro captures Atahualpa and holds him for
ransom. 1533 AD - The Spanish execute Atahualpa
and install Manco Inca as Emperor.
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1535 AD - Francisco Pizarro founds the city of
Lima, Peru and names it the capital of the
region. 1537 AD - Manco Inca flees to
Vilcabamba and forms an Inca government separate
from the Spanish. 1541 AD - Francisco Pizarro
is killed. 1572 AD - The Spanish execute the
last of the Inca emperors, Tupac Amaru, signaling
the end of the Inca Empire.
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Map of the Empire Tawantinsuyo Inca
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Ethnic Groups
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Cuzco
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Machu Pichu
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Cuzco and Machu Picchu
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Cuzco, Fort
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Cuzco
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Cuzco, Fort Sacsayhuaman
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Cuzco
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Cuzco, Inca street
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Pre-Hispanic writing systems Picto-graphic

• In Mesoamerica
• Logo-graphic
• Logo-syllabic

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In Mesoamerica there was a grotto graphic and
logo-graphic systems

• Tlaxiaco (Ball court where it rains)
• Chimalpopoca (Smoking shield)

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The logo-syllabic or glotto-graphic system
represents the spoken language
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To include the study of Mesoamerican and Andean
systems of recording information, the term
Semasiographic has been used

• Semasiographic comes from semasia (From the
  Greek) that means meaning with a graphic
  presentational style to indicate those graphic
  systems of communication where marks communicate
  meaning directly and within the structure of
  their own system.
• Semasiographic systems of communication convey
  ideas independently from language and on the same
  logical level as spoken language. They are called
  to be supralinguistic

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Types of semasiographic systems

• 1) Conventional Meaning is indicated by the
  interrelationship of symbols that are arbitrarily
  codified. Mathematical notation. Meaning is also
  conveyed by relative placement, by the spatial
  relationships of the parts to each other.
  Scientific, musical choreographical notations
  belong to this category
• 2) Iconic We are seeing these in our ever
  increasing visual culture, stop signs, bathroom
  dry hands, telephone, _at_ or

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Iconic
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Pre-Columbian people used both glottographic and
semasiographic systems

• In the Andes, the systems used for recording
  information are different from the Mesoamerican
  ones
• Quipus function semasiographically, but unlike
  Mesoamerican system, their elements are
  conventional rather than iconic.
• Quipus store abstract information through color,
  texture, form and size (of the knots and the
  cords), and relative placement, but they do not
  picture things or ideas.
• Quipus are like mathematical and scientific
  notation, and somewhat like musical notation
  where arbitrary codified symbols hold meaning
  according to their interrelationships.

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Quipus means of recording knowledge and
communication
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Other forms of semasiographic conventional system
in the Andes

• Some scholars believe that Inca tunics and
  ceramic were used also as means of communication
  or record keeping.
• The squares or tucapu or toqapu that form the
  typical checkboard like design or called
  (collcapata) can alternate in color and contain a
  standard pattern that a scholar has called the
  Inca Key
• The collcapata designs and the different types of
  tunics that the Inca ruler worn, convey
  information on alliance or of power and
  succession.
• The design it is also thought to suggest the rows
  of stone to which agriculture tribute flowed from
  the four quarters of the empireTawantinsuyu or
  the Land of the Four Quarters

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Tunics
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Inca Keros (Ceremonial beakers) made of
chachacoma (Alder-tree) wood, with polychrome
decorations
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More tunics
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Tunics
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Tunics
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Keros, with tocapu to convey messages
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Nobles incas
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Inca