The Transformation of Surgery c.1845 c.1918

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The Transformation of Surgeryc.1845
c.1918

• UNIT AIM
• To know and understand how surgery was
  transformed during the late 19th and early 20th
  centuries
• To test your understanding of source enquiry
  skills.

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The Transformation of Surgery
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The Transformation of Surgery
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?vAtkYJBTdDWkfeature
related
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Blood and Guts A History of Surgery

• Listen to the extract.
• Write down three words to describe surgery in the
  first half of the 19th century

Recommended reading Available in the resource
centre
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What can you learn from this source about the
state of surgery before the 1840s?
A cartoon produced c. 1750
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• This drama is set in 1842.
• Watch the clip carefully what us it tell us
  about the state of surgery at this time.

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Surgery and anaesthetics in the19th century

• Read the information on page 108.

Why was surgery so limited until the 19th century?
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Why was surgery limited before the nineteenth
century?
BLEEDING
PAIN
The problems of performing major surgery.
INFECTION
http//www.youtube.com/user/worcesterjonnyp/a/043
49AC9C197EC93/2/4ghMB4yH6nw
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Activities

• Answer the questions on page 109.

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The Discovery of anaesthetics

• Lesson aims
• To know how anaesthetics were developed and what
  role pain relief played in the development of
  surgery.
• To know and understand the role of key
  individuals in the development of anaesthetics.

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What people believed at the timePain, a Burden
to be Borne

• In the 1800s, most people expected to experience
  pain in their lives and relied on religion or
  personal fortitude to help them endure it.
• Pain was one of God's punishments for the wicked
  and purifying trials for the good for the woman
  in labour, pain was the spiritual experience that
  would transform her into a self-sacrificing
  mother.
• Many doctors shared these views!
• Other physicians were concerned about the ethics
  of operating on a comatose patient and many were
  concerned about the potential risk of death from
  an overdose of anaesthetic.

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The History of Anaesthesia

• Watch the DVD and I will pause at various points
  for you to make notes.
• Keep in mind
• who are the key individuals?
• what problems did they face?
• how did their discoveries revolutionise medicine?

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Nitrous Oxide
Humphrey Davy (1778-1829) suggested that the pain
and shock of surgical operations might be
relieved if patients inhaled nitrous oxide, a
gaseous compound discovered by Joseph Priestley
(who was also the first to isolate oxygen).
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• Wells and Nitrous Oxide
• Horace Wells was a dentist in the USA.
• He used nitrous oxide when extracting teeth.

Horace Wells
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The unusual history of ether

• William Morton a dentist and associate of Wells
  discovered ether was a longer lasting anaesthetic

But what problems were associated with ether?
William Morton
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Chloroform and James Young Simpson

• Why was he so determined to solve the problem of
  pain?
• How successful was chloroform?
• Why did some people oppose pain relief?

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Chloroform

• Benefits
• Much less needed to knock out patient
• Acts quickly and completely
• No problems with coughing (ether)
• Could perform more complex operations
• Surgeons be tidier no need for speed

• Drawbacks
• Unsure of quantity to give each patient
• Drs feared it may slow the healing process
• Reports of deaths from cardiac arrests.

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Why were people opposed to anaesthetics?

• Reports of sudden deaths from chloroform
• Religious beliefs Gods plan
• Long term effects of anaesthetics not known.
• Drs feared easier for a patient to die if
  unconscious
• Patients fear of Drs power over them
• Drs may take unnecessary risks
• Drs feared it may slow the healing process

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The inhaler designed by John Snow and used on
Queen Victoria in child birth. Why did this
make the use of chloroform safer? Why did the
use of chloroform become widely accepted after
the Queen had used it?
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James Simpsons statue in Edinburgh Thousand
attended his funeral. He is remembered as the
father of modern Anaesthesia. Does he deserve
that title?
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Did the development of anaesthetics mean
that more complex surgery could be carried out?
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Factors in the development of anaesthetics
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

• Write an explanation of the role of each factor
  in the search for better anaesthetics.

RELIGION
SOCIAL ATTITUDES
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PAIN

• THINK QUESTIONS
• What is an anaesthetic?
• What were the problems facing surgeons before
  their discovery?
• Why did surgery develop after anaesthetics?
• What problems still remain for surgeon and
  patients?

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homework

• Read pages 112 and complete activities 1-3
• Write the answers as though they are GCSE
  questions each worth 6 marks.
• Look at the mark scheme on page 113.
• They are inference questions read the summary
  on page 113.