REQUIREMENTS TO MATERIALS FOR MANUFACTURING OF MEDICAL PRODUCTS

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REQUIREMENTS TO MATERIALS FOR MANUFACTURING OF
MEDICAL PRODUCTS
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• For manufacturing of medical tools, devices,
  equipment and so forth use set of materials
• - Threw also their alloys
• - Plastic weights
• - Rubber
• - Glass
• - Ceramics
• - A skin and its substitutes
• - Wood, etc.

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• Materials for manufacturing of medical products
  should satisfy such requirements
• gt To be harmless, biologically inert and non
  toxic concerning fabrics of an organism and not
  to allocate substances harmful to a human body
• gt To have firmness to sterilisation and
  disinfection
• gt To be mechanically strong, to store the
  constant form and volume
• gt To have beautiful technological properties
• gt To be proof to corrosion.

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THE GENERAL DATA ON PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

• Distinguish such properties of materials
• - The mechanical
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• - The technological
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• - The physical
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• - The chemical
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• - The biological.

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

• Strength, hardness, toughness, elasticity,
  plasticity, brittleness, and ductility and
  malleability are mechanical properties used as
  measurements of how metals behave under a load.
  These properties are described in terms of the
  types of force or stress that the metal must
  withstand and how these are resisted.
• Common types of stress are compression, tension,
  shear, torsion, impact, 1-2 or a combination of
  these stresses, such as fatigue.

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Technological properties

• To the technological refer to properties which
  allow to define, to what technological machining
  there can be submitted a material, and also
  possibility of its most effective use at
  manufacturing of products.
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• It first of all
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• - Forgeability
• - A shrinkage
• - Abrasion.

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Physical properties

• Physical properties of materials are defined by
  such basic parametres
• - In density
• - In fusion temperature
• - In boiling temperature
•  
• - Warmly - and an electrical conduction

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Biological and chemical properties

• To chemical properties of materials refer
  abilities by which their interacting with medium
  in which they constantly or temporarily are, for
  example, during sterilisation, disinfection and
  so forth is defined. Chemical properties are
  defined by a chemical compound of materials.
• Biological properties of materials fathom their
  agency on living tissues and an organism as a
  whole. All materials which use for manufacturing
  of products medical appointments pass special
  check on biological inertia in laboratories on
  animal that to biological medium.

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METAL MATERIALS

• FERROUS METALS AND THEIR ALLOYS
•  The term 'ferrous' comes from a Latin word
  ferrum, meaning 'containing iron'. Hence, ferrous
  metals are all those metals that contain iron.
  Ferrous metals may contain small amounts of other
  elements such as carbon or nickel, in a specific
  proportion, that are added to achieve the desired
  properties. All the ferrous metals are generally
  magnetic and have high tensile strength.

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NAME ALLOY OF PROPERTIES USES
Mild Steel Carbon 0.1 - 0.3 Iron 99.9 - 99.7 Tough. High tensile strength. Can be case hardened. Rusts very easily. Most common metal used in school workshops. Used in general metal products and engineering.
Carbon Steel Carbon 0.6 - 1.4 Iron 99.4 - 98.6 Tough. Can be hardened and tempered. Cutting tools such as drills.
Stainless steel Iron, nickel and chromium. Tough, resistant to rust and stains. Cutlery, medical instruments.
Cast iron Carbon 2 - 6 Iron 98 - 94 Strong but brittle. Compressive strength very high. Castings, manhole covers, engines.
Wrought iron Almost 100 iron Fibrous, tough, ductile, resistant to rusting. Ornamental gates and railings. Not in much use today.
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Nonferrous metals

• Nonferrous metals and nonferrous alloys are not
  based on iron and include metals and alloys of
  aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, lead, tin,
  titanium, zinc, nickel, cobalt, tungsten,
  molybdenum, magnesium, precious metals,
  refractory metals. They are used in a variety of
  applications from construction to medical
  devices. A nonferrous alloy consists of two or
  more materials, one of which must be a nonferrous
  metal. Many nonferrous metals can be used in
  alloys and are chosen for specific
  characteristics such as strength, magnetic and
  electrical properties, and corrosion resistance.

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NAME COLOUR ALLOY OF PROPERTIES USES
Aluminium Light grey Aluminium 95 Copper 4 Manganese 1 Ductile, soft, malleable, machines well. Very light. Window frames, aircraft, kitchen ware.
Copper Reddish brown Not an alloy Ductile, can be beaten into shape. Conducts electricity and heat. Electrical wiring, tubing, kettles, bowls, pipes.
Brass Yellow Mixture of copper and zinc 65 - 35 most common ratio. Hard. Casts and machines well. Surface tarnishes. Conducts electricity. Parts for electrical fittings, ornaments.
Silver Whitish grey Mainly silver but alloyed with copper to give sterling silver. Ductile, Malleable, solders, resists corrosion. Jewellery, solder, ornaments.
Lead Bluish grey Not an alloy. Soft, heavy, ductile, loses its shape under pressure. Solders, pipes, batteries, roofing.
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CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL TOOLS

• All medical tools which apply in medical practice
  are classified on
• - The prickly
• - The cutting
• - Clips
• - The expanding
• - Wringing out
• - The probing

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TOOLS FOR PUNCTURES, INJECTIONS, INFUSIONS

• Syringes are made up of a round cylindrical
  barrel, a close-fitting plunger and a tip where
  the hub of a needle is attached. They come in a
  number of sizes, ranging from 5 ml to 60 ml. A 1-
  to 3-ml syringe is normally adequate for
  injections given into tissues under the skin,
  also called subcutaneous injections, or
  injections into muscle, also known as
  intramuscular injections. Larger syringes are
  used to add medication to intravenous lines and
  irrigate wounds.

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• Syringes are generally classified as Luer-Lok or
  non-Luer-Lok syringes. This classification is
  based on the type of syringe tip. Luer-Lok
  syringes have tips that require needles that can
  be twisted and locked into place. This design
  prevents the needle from accidentally slipping
  off the syringe. Non-Luer-Lok syringes have tips
  that require needles that can be pressed on to
  the tip of the syringe without being twisted into
  place.

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• To injection of liquid in significant amounts
  apply a syringe of type "Record" of continuous
  action (fig. 2-9), having a spring on a rod of
  the piston and supplied with tees-nozzles.
  Syringes for washing of cavities (fig. 2-11)
  differ from injection syringes in capacity and
  ring presence on the rod end. Exist S. for
  washings (fig. 2-12) in which diameter of the
  piston can be regulated by means of a special
  washer from silicone rubber.
• Let out special S, the liquids intended for
  introduction in a throat, in a uterus, and also
  stomatologic, for oral cavity washing (fig. 3-14,
  15, 17, 18). They, as a rule, are supplied by
  demountable tips. For introduction of
  contraceptives are intended special S. from
  plastic (fig. 3-13), To special concern also S.
  for introduction of roentgen substances. At
  angiography apply S. with a clamp to a needle or
  an adapter (fig. 4-19), thus needle or an adapter
  has screw cutting.
• For introduction of medical products and
  antipillboxes at urgent medical aid, itself and
  mutual aid apply a syringe-tube the syringe
  filled with dosed out quantity of a certain
  medical product.

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• S. RECORD

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• Fig. 2

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• Fig. 3

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• Fig. 4

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• Insulin Syringe
• Insulin syringes are small in size, they hold
  between 0.3 and 1 ml of medication. These needles
  are not calibrated in milliliters, they are
  calibrated in units. Most insulin syringes are
  calibrated up to 100 units. Insulin syringes are
  designed for self-injection and are used to give
  subcutaneous injections.
• Tuberculin Syringe
• Tuberculin syringes are used for tuberculosis
  testing. The fluid they contain is injected right
  into the skin. This syringe is small and is
  calibrated in milliliters. It has a long, thin
  barrel with a preattached needle. The tuberculin
  syringe can hold up to 1 ml of fluid. Even though
  this syringe is small, it cannot be used to give
  insulin.

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• Device of Bobrov is intended for injections of
  great volumes isotonic or physical solutions.
  Consists of the glass graduated banks on 500 or
  1000 ml where the solution is poured a rubber
  stopper with two apertures through which two
  tubes bent at an angle (one long, the second
  short) and the rubber air pump are passed. In the
  complete set two glass filters, two rubber tubes
  in length on 4 sm and two needles of Bobrov enter
  also.
• To the end of a long glass tube attach the rubber
  tubule which free end spread on the glass filter,
  filled with sterile cotton wool. On other end of
  the glass filter spread the rubber air pump. When
  air pump up in bank in last the elevated
  pressure, therefore a solution from banks through
  a rubber tubule which is attached is created to a
  short tubule, and a needle arrives in a blood
  vessel.

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Needles

• Most needles are made of stainless steel. The
  needle is hollow with a hole in the middle and
  has three parts the hub, which fits on to the
  tip of the syringe the shaft, which is the long
  length of the needle and the bevel, which is the
  slanted tip of the needle. The bevel creates a
  narrow slit or hole in a persons skin through
  which the fluid in the syringe is injected into a
  person. This slit closes once the needle is
  removed from the person's skin so there is no
  leakage of medication or blood. Long-beveled tips
  are sharper and narrower, which reduces
  discomfort when it pierces the skin.

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Types Of Needles

• Needles are differentiated based on their length
  and diameter. The length of needles range from
  between 1/2-inch to 3 inches. The diameter of a
  needle is measured in gauges. A 25-gauge needle
  has a smaller diameter than a 19-gauge needle. As
  the needle gauge gets bigger, the needle's
  diameter gets smaller. Two different needles may
  have the same length and have different gauge
  sizes. Needle gauges range from between 7 gauge
  being the largest to 33 gauge the smallest. Gauge
  selection is made based on the thickness of a
  medication to be given. If the medication is
  thick, a needle with a small gauge and big
  diameter would be the needle of choice.
  Intramuscular medications are given with long
  needles, while subcutaneous medications are given
  with shorter needles.

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