10th American History Unit VI

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10th American HistoryUnit VI Looking Toward
the Future

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• Chapter 21 A Search for Order
• Section 1 The Nixon Years

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The Nixon Years

• The Main Idea
• Beyond the ongoing turmoil of the Vietnam War,
  the Nixon administration did enjoy some notable
  success.
• Reading Focus
• What were the key features of Nixons politics
  and domestic policies?
• How did Nixon carry out his foreign policies with
  regard to China and the Soviet Union?
• How did trouble in the Middle East affect the
  Nixon administration?
• What were some of the major social and cultural
  events at home in the Nixon years?

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When Elvis met Nixon

• http//www.history.com/videos/as-it-happened-nixon
  -resignation-august-9-1974when-elivis-met-nixon

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Key Features of Nixons Politics and Domestic
Policies

• Nixon the Conservative
• Believed the federal government was too large
• Enacted southern strategy to appeal to former
  segregationists
• Firm stand against crime and drug use

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Key Features of Nixons Politics and Domestic
Policies

• Nixon the Liberal
• Increased funding for programs such as food
  stamps and increased Social Security payments
• Took special interest in environmental issues
• Created a new organization to prevent
  work-related injuries and deaths
• Advanced affirmative action

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Nixons Politics and Domestic Policies

• New Federalism
• Thought federal government was too large
• Solution was called the New Federalism
• Key feature was the concept of revenue sharing
• Believed that local governments could spend
  taxpayers money more effectively

• Southern Strategy
• Nixon wanted to expand his support in the
  Democratic south
• Tried to weaken the 1965 Voting Rights Act
• Urged a slowdown in forced integration
• Opposed busing
• Wanted local governments to take action themselves

• Drugs and Crime
• Opposed federal court rulings that put limits on
  the power of the police.
• Sought to name conservative judges to federal
  courts
• Filled four openings on the Supreme Court (2 of
  his nominees were rejected)

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Nixons Politics and Domestic Policies

• Environmentalism
• Environmental concerns had been growing.
• Rachel Carsons Silent Spring
• Massive Earth Day demonstrations in 1970
• Signed the Clean Air Act
• Act sought to regulate levels of air pollution
  created by factories and other sources.
• Worked to establish the Environmental Protection
  Agency

• Other Policies
• Signed the Occupational Safety and Health Act
• Act created the Occupational Health and Safety
  Administration (OSHA) to prevent work-related
  death and injuries
• Advanced affirmative action by setting specific
  hiring goals and timetables for overcoming
  discrimination
• Extended affirmative action programs to the
  hiring of women

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Nixons Politics and Domestic Policies

• What were the key features of Nixons politics
  and domestic policies?
• Describe What conservative ideas did Nixon
  promote?
• Analyze How did Nixon lose the support of
  African Americans?
• Draw Conclusions What impact did President
  Nixon have on the Supreme Court?

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Nixons Politics and Domestic Policies

• Identify What was the purpose of the Clean Air
  Act?
• Summarize What programs or legislation did
  Nixon promote to help the poor and working-class
  Americans?
• Evaluate After reviewing legislation supported
  by President Nixon, do you think he was a true
  conservative?

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Nixons Foreign Policies with China and the
Soviet Union

• Nixon had great success with his foreign policy
  issues.
• Henry Kissinger was Nixons national security
  advisor and later secretary of state.
• Kissinger shaped much of Nixons foreign policy.
• Kissinger believed in the notion of
  realpolitikor basing foreign policies on
  realistic views of national interest rather than
  on broad rules or principles.
• Nixon took steps to ease tensions with Cold War
  enemiesa policy called détente.
• The goal of détente was to build a more stable
  world in which the United States and its
  adversaries accepted one anothers place.

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Kissinger and Realpolitik
Kissinger believed the United States should
consider each foreign-policy conflict or question
from the standpoint of what is best for America.
The government should not be bound by promises to
fight communism or promote freedom wherever it is
threatened.
Kissingers realpolitik marked a significant
change from earlier policies such as containment.
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Nixon visits China
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Nixon Reaches Out (0342)
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Nixons Foreign Policies

• The Soviet Union
• In 1969 Nixon began talks with the Soviet Union
  in order to slow the arms race.
• Known as the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks
  (SALT)
• Both nations had increased their number of
  weapons and made innovations in weapons
  technology (Ex. antiballistic missiles, or ABMs).
• In 1972 Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev agreed to an
  ABM treaty.
• Following this round of talks (now called SALT
  I), negotiations began on a second round of
  discussions.

• China
• Nixon wanted to improve relations with the
  Communist Peoples Republic of China.
• Believed that friendlier relations with China
  would force a more cooperative relationship with
  the Soviet Union (Chinas rival).
• His efforts were done secretly
• Nixon surprised Americans by visiting China in
  1972 where he met with Chinese leaders and Mao
  Zedong.
• They agreed to disagree about Taiwan.

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Nixon visits China- Feb. 21, 1972

• China was a world leader
• For 22 years the U.S. did not recognize China
• Nixon would support Chinas entry into U.N.
• Ping Pong Diplomacy- Nixon to be first U.S.
  President to visit China
• Détente- bring normal relation between two
  countries.
• Nixon signs the Shanghai Joint Communique
  declaring that there is but one China and that
  Taiwan is part of China.

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The Moscow Summit Nixon is Reelected to Finish
the War (0317)
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Nixon Visits U.S.S.R.
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Nixon Visits U.S.S.R.

• China and U.S.S.R. are bitter rivals.
• U.S. needs to balance its relationship with the
  two.
• Nixon goes to Russia for summit meeting with
  Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev.
• Agreements on space, health and science
• SALT- Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty- may 26,
  1972 to slow down the dangerous and expensive
  nuclear arms race.
• Détente- successful in easing tensions and
  reducing risks of war with Communist powers.

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Kissinger on Détente with the Soviet Union

• In a speech given to the Senate Committee on
  Foreign Relations, on Sept. 19. 1974.
• Since the dawn of the nuclear age the worlds
  fears of holocaust and its hope for peace have
  turned on the relationship between the United
  States and the Soviet Union.
• Kissinger gives the following reasons for tension
  between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. (Differences in
  philosophy and interests)
• Rooted in History and the way the two countries
  developed
• Conflicting values and opposing ideologies
• Diverging national interests that produce
  political and military competition
• Influenced by allies and friends whose friendship
  and interests we will not sacrifice.
• Kissinger recommends the following in dealing
  with these differences.
• Both countries must recognize that neither can
  impose its will on the other without running a
  risk of destruction.
• Both must balance competition with the need for
  coexistence.
• No international peace without a good
  relationship between the two
• Both countries must use restrain themselves and
  use their enormous power to benefit mankind

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Nixons Foreign Policies

• How did Nixon carry out his foreign policies with
  regard to China and the Soviet Union?
• Explain What was Detente?
• Summarize What was realpolitik?
• Elaborate Why did Nixon want to improve
  relations with China?

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History of Arab/Israeli conflict

• Judea- home of the Jews in ancient times, was
  conquered by the Romans and renamed Palestine.
• Palestine- conquered and ruled by Arabs for over
  a thousand years.
• The Zionist movement- to restore the Jews to
  Israel, ignoring the existing Arab population.
• 1917- Palestine was granted to Britain as a
  League of Nations mandate to build a national
  home for the Jewish people.
• Arabs resented the Jews coming in to take their
  land. they rioted repeatedly and later revolted
  creating a history of hatred. British stopped
  Jewish immigration
• After the Holocaust- increased Jewish immigration
  to Palestine.
• 1947-UN partitioned the land into Arab and Jewish
  states.
• Arabs did not accept the partition and war broke
  out.
• Jews won the war and expanded their state
  several hundred thousand Palestinian refugees.
• The Arab states refused to recognize Israel or
  make peace with it.
• Wars broke out in 1956, 1967, 1973 and 1982, and
  there were many terror raids and Israeli
  reprisals.
• Each side believes different versions of the same
  history. Each side views the conflict as wholly
  the fault of the other and expects an apology

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Problems in the Middle East 1970s

• Religious conflicts between- Muslims, Christian,
  and Jews.
• No Arab state had yet recognized Isreals right
  to exist as a country. Terrorism
• What about the Palestinian Question?
• PLO- Palestinian Liberation Organization.
  Terrorism against Israel.

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Trouble in the Middle East

• 1967 Six-Day War
• resulted in Israel occupying territory that had
  belonged to the nations of Egypt, Syria, and
  Jordan
• The United Nations passed a resolution that
  called for Israel to withdraw from these lands
  and for the Arab states to recognize Israels
  right to exist
• 1973 Yom Kippur War
• Egypt and Syria attacked Israel, and the fighting
  affected the United States.
• Threat of Soviet involvement could turn conflict
  into a superpower confrontation
• Imposition of an oil embargo

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Kissinger the Middle East (0222)
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War in the Middle East
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War in the Middle East

• Yom Kippur War- Oct. 6, 1973- lasted three weeks.
• Holiest day of the Jewish year.
• Egypt and Syria launched a coordinated surprise
  assault against Israel, with the Egyptian army
  crossing the Suez Canal and Syrian troops
  penetrating the Golan Heights.
• The goal was to win back territory lost to the
  Israelis in 1947 and 1956
• During the next three weeks, the Israel Defense
  Forces turned the tide of battle and repulsed the
  attackers, crossing the Suez Canal into Egypt and
  advancing to within 20 miles (32 km.) of the
  Syrian capital, Damascus.
• Oct. 12, 1973- Nixon gives aid to Israelis to
  fight the war. Helicopters, howitzers, and
  tanks.
• Arabs got supplies from Russia.
• The total cost off the war was estimated to US7
  billion on both Israeli and Egyptian side, but
  much of the operations on Arab side were financed
  by Saudi Arabia.

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Trouble in the Middle East

• Oil Embargo
• Several Arab nations imposed an oil embargo in
  reaction to the Yom Kippur War.
• They agreed not to ship oil to the United States
  and certain other countries who supported Israel.
• The Arab countries were a part of OPEC (the
  Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries).
• The United States was dependent on foreign
  sources for one third of its oil needs.
• The embargo caused serious problems throughout
  the U.S. economy.

• Shuttle Diplomacy
• Henry Kissinger tried to solve the crisis in the
  Middle East.
• He was unable to get all the parties to meet
  together to talk about solutions.
• Started what came to be called shuttle diplomacy
• Kissinger traveledshuttledfrom group to group
  trying to work out separate agreements.
• Eventually the fighting ended and the oil embargo
  was lifted.

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Arab Oil Embargo- 1973-1974
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Arab Oil Embargo- 1973-1974

• OPEC- Organization of Oil Exporting Countries
  (Many Arab nations)
• OPEC- declares all oil exports suspended to all
  nations considered to have helped Israel in the
  1973 October war.
• The Arab oil embargo soon causes major shortages
  in the U.S. and Britain and gas rationing
  produces many long car jams at filling stations.
• Saudi Arabia advocated only moderate price hikes
  but in the meantime the cost of crude oil rose
  400 in the next year.
• The immediate results of the Oil Crisis were
  dramatic. Prices of gasoline quadrupled, rising
  from just 25 cents to over a dollar in just a few
  months

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Henry Kissinger and Foreign Affairs
Henry Alfred Kissinger was the 56th Secretary of
State of the United States from 1973 to 1977 Dr.
Kissinger was born in Fuerth, Germany, on May 27,
1923, came to the United States in 1938, and was
naturalized a United States citizen on June 19,
1943. He received the BA Degree Summa Cum Laude
at Harvard College in 1950 and the MA and PhD
Degrees at Harvard University in 1952 and 1954
respectively. Kissinger played a dominant role in
United States foreign policy between 1969 and
1977 Kissinger and North Vietnamese foreign
minister Le Duc Tho were jointly offered the 1973
Nobel Peace Prize for their roles in negotiating
a ceasefire and U.S. withdrawal from the
protracted Vietnam War. Kissinger pioneered the
policy of détente with the Soviet Union, seeking
a relaxation in tensions between the two
superpowers.
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Middle East 1975

• UN authorized cease fire resolution.
• Kissinger- Shuttle diplomacy- shuttling between
  the two sides to enable them to communicate and
  reach an agreement.
• Egypt and Israel renounced force to settle
  disputes. They both moved back and created a
  large buffer zone.
• U.S. troops stationed in zone to monitor movement.

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Trouble in the Middle East

• How did trouble in the Middle East affect the
  Nixon administration?
• Identify What was OPEC and why is it important
  to the U.S.?
• Identify Cause and Effect Why did some Arab
  nations refuse to send oil to the United States
  following the Yom Kippur War?
• Evaluate The oil embargo following the Yom
  Kippur War created severe problems in the U.S.
  economy. What do you think would happen to the
  U.S. economy today if Arab nations began an oil
  embargo?

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The Man on the Moon (0257)
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Troubled Economy

• Voyage to the Moon- Apollo 11
• Televised- Hundreds of millions of viewers
• 3 Astronauts- Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins.
• Lunar Module- the Eagle
• The Eagle has landed on Tranquility base. July
  20, 1969
• 6 and 1/2 hours on the Moon.
• Costs- three astronauts killed in a fire on earth
  and between 25-35 Billion dollars.
• Benefits- Priceless

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Major Social and Cultural Events during the Nixon
Years

• On July 16, 1969 the Apollo 11 successfully
  lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center.
• Three astronauts were on boardNeil Armstrong,
  Edwin Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins.
• On July 20 Neil Armstrong was the first man to
  walk on the moon.

NASA

• Nixon was worried about the high rates of
  inflation and unemployment.
• He announced a 90-day freeze of wages and prices
  in order to stop inflation from rising.
• The wage and price controls did work temporarily.

Inflation and Price Controls
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Troubled Economy

• Inflation and Stagflation
• Nixon Promised to balance the Budget (200
  Billion) and produce a surplus.
• Tax Reform Act- 1969 ended the Johnson income tax
  surcharge.
• Vietnam costs rising.
• 1969-1970- Nixon proposed wage-price guidelines
  to slow down prices.
• Congress created EPA.
• Arab oil embargo caused oil prices to jump in
  1973.
• Baby boomers in job market- glut.

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Troubled Economy

• Aug. 15, 1971- Nixon announced a 90 price freeze
  after prices went up 14.5 (first mandatory
  wage-price control in peace time.)
• Took the country off the gold standard. This
  would end the gold drain to foreign countries
  turning U.S. dollars in for U.S. gold.
• 10 surcharge on foreign imports. Trying to
  promote sale of U.S. goods abroad and discourage
  Americans from buying foreign products- Japan
  W. Germany.
• The Economy began to thrive
• Inflation fell to 3.5
• Unemployment dropped

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Troubled Economy

• Winding down the Vietnam War- Costs
• Economic Costs
• The war cost the United States more than 140
  billion.
• In Vietnam, the last sustained war the nation
  fought, the United States spent 111 billion
  during the eight years of the war, from 1964 to
  1972. Adjusted for inflation, that's more than
  494 billion, an average of 61.8 billion per
  year, or 5.15 billion per month. (The Pentagon
  is spending nearly 5 billion per month in Iraq
  and Afghanistan, a pace that would bring yearly
  costs to almost 60 billion)
• Human Costs
• There were 540,000 American troops in Vietnam
  sent by Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, more than
  325 men being held prisoners of war, and America
  was sharply divided over our purpose and our
  presence in Vietnam.
• The war left 58,000 American soldiers dead and
  more than 300,000 wounded. Numerous American
  soldiers also returned home with crippling and
  long-lasting psychological wounds.

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Major Events at Home

• What were some of the major social and cultural
  events at home in the Nixon years?
• identify Who was Neal Armstrong and Buzz
  Aldrin?
• Make Inferences What is the significance of the
  United States begin the first to send astronauts
  to the moon?
• Draw Conclusions Why were American achievements
  in space a mixed victory?

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Major Events at Home

• Draw Conclusions Which President gets the most
  credit for the first successful lunar space
  flight and why?
• Summarize What was the economic climate at the
  end of Nixons first term?